PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Lecture 5
Quantum Information 1:
Quantum Communication &
Quantum Cryptography
Note: HWK2 posted on course
web, due next Wed 2/12 in class

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 1

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Course Outline

Part 1: basic review:

Optics+Quantum;
Part 2: Basic Lightmatter interaction; laser;
Part 3: Quantum Optics
of photons
Part 4: More advanced
light-matter interaction
Part 5: Quantum
information/photonics/
applications
Subject to change;
Check updates on course web/wiki

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 2

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

This Lecture

Quantum Information Science 1: quantum (secure)

communication & quantum cryptography (photon
based) (cf. *FQ Chap12)
Learn more:
N. Gisin et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145195 (2002)
J.W.Pan Lecture: http://quantuminformation.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/pic/LEC430.pdf

M. Le Blanc: A Short Introduction to

Quantum Information and Quantum Computation
Chuang & Nielson, QCQI
David Mermin, Quantum Computer Science: An Introduction
Good to reach on beach or train: J. Dowlings Schrodingers Killer App
L. Susskind, Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum
(see also Stanford course lectures/videos of same title)
MIT 6.453 course on quantum communication
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-453-quantum-optical-communication-fall-2008/

Shapiro-Wong Group: http://www.rle.mit.edu/qoptics/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 3

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

See also
http://www.youtube.com/
From :C. Bennett lecture Information is quantum [highly recommended to read] watch?v=tKfyw-uAgac

http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-bennetc/QInfWeb.pdf
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 4

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 5

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Classical Cryptography (Secure Communication)

ENIGMA

RSA-100=37975227936943673922808872755445627854565536638199
40094690950920881030683735292761468389214899724061

Earn $200,000 to factorize RSA-2048

Later quantum computing

will break this

RSA

RSA-100 =15226050279225333605356183781326374297180681149613 80688657908494580122963258952897654000350692006139

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 6

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

The purpose of quantum cryptography is to

provide a reliable method for transmitting a secret key and knowing
that
no-one has intercepted it along the way.
The method is founded on the
fundamental laws of quantum physics, and the process of sharing a
secret key in a secure way is called quantum key distribution.
Two basic schemes for quantum cryptography, using
basic principles of quantum measurements on single
particles (photons)
The properties of entangled photon properties of entangled
states.

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 7

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Classical communication & evesdropper

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 8

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Photon polarization qbits

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 9

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Review 2-state QM (d=2 Hilbert space)

2
1

1
1
(b )

1
2
1
1
(b )

1
2
b

Purdue University

Spring 2014

1
(\
2

R2 representation

y

x

_ ),

1 0
,
0 1

1
(\
2

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

_ )

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 10

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Quantum No Cloning
Theorem
U

http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/
cse599d/06wi/lecturenotes4.pdf
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 11

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

QKD by BB84 Protocol

(ex.12.3)
http://www1.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse571-07/ftp/quantum/index.html

Interesting read on B&B

http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view.php?person=us-bennetc
http://www.noodls.com/view/C72E62DBAF2DB94324F14C95042A47D40F3E72EF

(also discovered q. teleportation)

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 12

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 13

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 14

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 15

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Reality Complications
Reduced key length
Missing photons .. Reduce # of useful bits

Birefringence (change polarization during transmission)

Detector dark counts (false click even with missing photons)

address by
(classical)
Error
correction

General Read: Quantum cryptography: Seeking absolute security

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7143/full/447372a.html
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 16

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Hardware requirements/complications
(reliable) Single photon source
[multiphoton emission compromises security by giving Eve
more chances to evade detection (both Eves detectors
click knows basis wrong)]

Attenuated single-freq laser: photon Poisson

distr, subject to multi-photons

on-demand single photon source [current

research]
(will revisit this when discussing QO)

(reliable) single photon detectors, polarization rotators, medium

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 17

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Transmission Media for quantum

communication/cryptography

Subject to environmental noise (air turb. stray light etc.)

<possible project/essay>
Phase (vs polarization) encoding

Subject to loss and birefringence (at long distance)

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 18

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 19

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

See also : http://qwcap.com

(potential essay topic, explain how these

work, or market analysis)
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 20

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Quantum communication in space

(use entanglement)

(another example
potential essay topic,
explain how this work)

http://www.nature.com/news/data-teleportation-the-quantum-space-race-1.11958
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 21

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

QKD based on entanglement

(Eckert protocol)
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 22

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Entanglement based QKD

A modern example

Related to idea of quantum illumination (entanglement

enhanced quantum sensing/detection)
S. Lloyd, Enhanced Sensitivity of Photodetection via
Quantum Illumination, Science 321, 1463 (2008).

A secure communication channel that relies

on quantum entanglement survives despite
the noisy break up of the entanglement itself.

Viewpoint: Dont Cry over

Broken Entanglement
http://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/74

Entanglements Benefit Survives an Entanglement-Breaking Channel

Zheshen Zhang, Maria Tengner, Tian Zhong, Franco N. C. Wong, and Jeffrey H. Shapiro
Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 010501 (2013)
Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 23

PHYS522

Introduction to Quantum Optics & Quantum Photonics

ECE695

(Coherent Optics & Quantum Electronics) http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/phys522/

Next Lecture (5): Light Matter Interaction --Radiative Transition in Atoms

FQ Chap 4

Purdue University

Spring 2014

Prof. Yong P. Chen (yongchen@purdue.edu)

Lecture 5

(2/3/2014)

Slide 24