ANJANI SRIKANTH KOKA

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Origins and Development of Sociology

Society, Sociology and its Method

The Social Sciences

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Study hard and you will do well in life.

If you do this elective or set of electives
you will have a better chance of getting a
good job in the future.
As a boy/girl this does not seem a correct
choice of job
Your family needs you to get a job soon so
why choose a profession that will take a
very long time or You will join your family
business so why do you wish to do this
job?

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Sociology makes a scientific study of

society: Prior to the emergence of
sociology the study of society was carried
on in an unscientific manner and society
had never been the central concern of any
science.

It is through the study of sociology that the

truly scientific study of the society has been
possible.
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Sociology because of its bearing upon many

of the problems of the present world has
assumed such a great importance that it is
considered to be the best approach to all
the social sciences.

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Sociology studies role of the institutions

in the development of the individuals: It
is through sociology that scientific study of
the great social institutions and the relation
of the individual to each is being made.
The home and family ,the school and
education, the church and religion, the state
and government ,industry and work ,the
community and association, these are
institutions through which society functions.

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Sociology studies these institutions and

their role in the development of the
individual and suggests suitable measures
for re strengthening them with a view to
enable them to serve the individual better.

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Study of sociology is indispensable for

understanding and planning of society:
Society is a complex phenomenon with a
multitude of intricacies.
It is impossible to understand and solve its
numerous problems without support of
sociology.
It is rightly said that we cannot understand
and mend society without any knowledge of
its mechanism and construction.

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Without the investigation carried out by

sociology no real effective social planning
would be possible.

It helps us to determine the most efficient

means for reaching the goals agreed upon.

A certain amount of knowledge about

society is necessary before any social
policies can be carried out.
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Sociology is of great importance in the

solution of social problems: The present
world is suffering from many problems
which can be solved through scientific study
of the society.

It is the task of sociology to study the social

problems through the methods of scientific
research and to find out solution to them.

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The scientific study of human affairs will

ultimately provide the body of knowledge
and principles that will enable us to control
the conditions of social life and improve
them.

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Sociology has drawn our attention to

the intrinsic worth and dignity of man:
Sociology has been instrumental in
changing our attitude towards human
beings.
In a specialized society we are all limited as
to the amount of the whole organization
and culture that we can experience directly.

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We can hardly know the people of other

areas intimately.

In order to have insight into and

appreciation of the motives by which others
live and the conditions under which they
exist a knowledge of sociology is essential.

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Sociology has changed our outlook

with regard to the problems of crime
etc: It is through the study of sociology that
our whole outlook on various aspects of
crime has change. The criminals are now
treated as human beings suffering from
mental deficiencies and efforts are
accordingly made to rehabilitate them as
useful members of the society.

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Sociology has made great contribution

to enrich human culture: Human culture
has been made richer by the contribution of
sociology. The social phenomenon is now
understood in the light of scientific
knowledge and enquiry. According to Lowie
most of us harbor the comfortable delusion
that our way of doing things is the only
sensible if not only possible one.

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Sociology has given us training to have

rational approach to questions concerning
oneself, one's religion, customs, morals and
institutions.

It has further taught us to be objective,

critical and dispassionate.

It enables man to have better understanding

both of himself and of others.
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By comparative study of societies and

groups other than his existence ,his life
becomes richer and fuller than it would
otherwise be.

Sociology also impresses upon us the

necessity of overcoming narrow personal
prejudices, ambitions and class hatred.

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Sociology is of great importance in the

solution of international problems: The
progress made by physical sciences has
brought the nations of the world nearer to
each other. But in the social field the world
has been left behind by the revolutionary
progress of the science.

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The world is divided politically giving rise to

stress and conflict. Men have failed to bring
in peace. Sociology can help us in
understanding the underlying causes and
tensions.

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The value of sociology lies in the fact

that it keeps us update on modern
situations: It contributes to making good
citizens and finding solutions to the
community problems. It adds to the
knowledge of the society. It helps the
individual find his relation to society.

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The study of social phenomena and of the

ways and means of promoting what Giddens
calls social adequacy is one of the most
urgent needs of the modern society.

Sociology has a strong appeal to all types of

mind through its direct bearing upon many
of the initial problems of the present world.

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West - Platos Republic and Aristotles Ethics

and Politics -- India Upanishads, Sutras and the Puranas
Special importance Laws of Manu or
Manusmriti
Sukracharya Nitisastra
Arthasastra by Chanakya or Kautilya is the
most famous work of ancient Indian
literature on this subject
Persians - Zoroaster

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The term sociology was coined by French

philosopher and sociologist Auguste Comte

Latin societas (society) and the Greek logos

(study)

He defined sociology as the science of

social phenomena

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Herbert Spencer His sociology is

essentially evolutionistic

He asserted that society was like an

organism or living body

Frederic Le Play applied case-study

method to his research; introduced the
survey method and the concept of
participant observer
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Karl Marx (economist)

Charles Durkheim (biologist)

Sigmund Freud (Psycho analyst)

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Emile Durkheim and Max Weber became

prominent

Durkheim ultimate social reality is the

group, not the individual

Max Weber introduced interpretive

understanding (Verstehen) in sociology
For him individual is the basic unit of society
His approach is opposite to that of Durkheim

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Verstehen refers to understanding the

meaning of action from the actor's point of
view.

It is entering into the shoes of the other,

and adopting this research stance requires
treating the actor as a subject, rather than
an object of your observations.

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Evolutionary and organismic theories

Naturalist and analytical

Structural-functionalist

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In the simplest sense ,evolution means the

slow process of change from a simple to a
more complex structure.

Evolution assumes that all living things are

inter-related.

Humans are supposed to have developed

from some simpler forms.

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Most of the scientists today accept the basic

principle of evolution but they have varying
views regarding how evolution has taken
place or how far it has gone.

The evolution of life began in the oceans.

About four hundred million years ago the
first land based creatures emerged.

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Some of these gradually evolved into the

large reptiles who were later displaced by
mammals.

Mammals are warm-blooded creatures

having greater capacity to learn from
experience than other animals and this
capacity has reached its highest
development in the human species.

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Our closest relatives are chimpanzee, gorilla

and orangutan

Though similarities between man and other

animal forms were discovered by Linnaeus
who grouped men ,the great ape and
monkeys in a single order, the main theory is
Darwinism.

Survival of the fittest through struggle for

existence
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A further elaboration of the evolutionary

theory

Darwin and Spencer

Those which conceive of society as a

biological organism with nerves, tissues,
cells etc.

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Naturalism or positivism: Attempts to equate

the methods of sociology to those of the
natural sciences such as physics, chemistry
and biology by using external observation
and measurement or quantification

Inspiration: Comte, Pareto

There is no qualitative difference between

physical and social relations

Disown introspection, interpretation

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Inspiration: Max Weber

Difference between natural and social

sciences (contrast to naturalistic)

Introspection, interpretation techniques

have their place in sociology

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Widely followed in modern times

Inspiration: Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, and

Pareto

All parts of a culture or group are integrated

into the whole or are interdependent on
each other and social phenomena are
functions or effects of social structures such
as class systems etc.

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Sociology is generally defined as the

science of society.

Society in general consists in the

complicated network of social relationships
by which every human being is
interconnected with his fellowmen.

Not every relationship of man with man is

social.
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Reciprocal recognition and commonness are

the characteristic features of every social
relationship

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Method Greek meta (with, after) and

hodos (way) --- an apt way of doing
something, investigating or teaching with
brevity, thoroughness and the like.

A method is often confused with a

technique, but they are different

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For convenience, I decide to take a side

path instead of the high road in order to go
to a village, I may do it by going on foot or
on bicycle.

The following of the side path is the method

and the use of the bicycle the technique.

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Formulation of the Problem

Observation (Spontaneous/Controlled)
Classification
Hypothesis
Verification
Prediction

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Juvenile delinquency refers to antisocial or

illegal behavior by children or adolescents

Broken homes

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When certain conditions obtain, broken

homes are the main cause of juvenile
delinquency, which is called a working
hypothesis

Working hypothesis

Scientific hypothesis
If we give plant A more fertilizer than plant
B then plant A will grow faster than plant B.

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The hypothesis that we have constructed in

the previous stage, as based on induction or
the careful observation of a wide range of
cases, is assumed to be valid for all cases
where similar conditions prevail.

But in order to test its validity and

consequently its universality we must perform
further observations and experiments to
support or refute the hypothesis.

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America --- broken homes are the main

cause of juvenile delinquency

We cannot accept this hypothesis as

general or universal.

France, India, Brazil and other nations????

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Once this has been conveniently carried out

and the hypothesis has stood the test, it
may be accepted as a law or a principle.

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Prediction is the aptitude of a law or

principle to be fulfilled wherever those
conditions prevail for which it has been
formulated.

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Archimedes principle: A body immersed in

a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the liquid it displaces

Fluid water, oil or any other liquid

This we can always predict without fear of

being wrong. By prediction the law shows
that it can act as such

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Sociology and Economics

Sociology and Political Science
Sociology and History
Sociology and Psychology
Sociology and Anthropology
Sociology and Ethics
Other Social Sciences

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Economics is the study of production and

distribution of goods and services.

As the economic process develops in society, it

influences and is influenced by the social life of
man; the relation between these two sciences
is very intimate.

Many economists like Max Weber interpret

economic change as an aspect of social change

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The study of economics would be misleading

and incomplete apart from its social setting
an opinion that has gained considerable
ground during the last few decades.

As the economic system is embedded in the

social structure as a part of it, the study of
the former cannot be undertaken but as a
function of the latter; thats why Economics
must be the handmaid of sociology.

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Economics deals with the production of

goods and services and how they are
distributed to people just like sociology
which also consider how the goods are
distributed to members of the society.

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Economics would lay emphasis on relations

of purely economic variables- relations of
price and supply, money flows, input-output,
etc. Whereas sociology would study the
productive enterprises as a social
organization the supply of labor as affected
by values and preferences, influences of
education on economic behavior; role of
caste system in economic development and
so on. Thus sociology and economics meet in
a number of areas of knowledge.
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Political science deals with social groups

organized under the sovereignty of the state

Law and freedom; legislative power etc.

Close affinity between sociology and

political science but the view points are
different; the former looks upon a state as a
social institution; the latter as the supreme
regulating power of the community and the
source of political law
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The correlation between these two branches

as per Giddings: To teach the theory of the
state to men who have not learned the first
principles of sociology, is like teaching
astronomy or thermodynamics to men who
have not learned Newtons laws of motion.

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Sociology and Political science are also

related in the sense that they both concern
the welfare of people in a society.

Political science basically deals with the

distribution of power and the exercise of
power, democracy, dictatorship,
communism, how people vote etc.

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Ethics is concerned with the moral rightness

or depravity of human actions

It investigates the laws of morality and

formulates the principles and rules of
morally desirable actions.

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A peaceful strike directed to improve the

condition of the working classes, when all
other legal means have proved futile, is
morally good, or at least not wrong;
whereas the same strike, used as a piece of
revolutionary strategy, with the object of
spreading unrest in the population, is
ethically wrong.

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The task of sociology is to study social life in

all its manifold forms of manifestation

Ethical ideals and ethical endeavors are,

therefore are objects of sociological
research

Sociology is also a necessary foundation for

ethics

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The ethically right must be sociologically

possible, must be consistent with the
conditions and laws of social development

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The physical and cultural development of

human beings from their origin to the
present time is the object of the study of
anthropology

Human Evolution, Physical anthropology,

Archaeology, Cultural anthropology, Social
anthropology

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Human evolution (study of fossil man)

Physical anthropology (concerned with
bodily characteristics of racial groups)
Archaeology (attempts to reconstruct the
social life of prehistoric man)
Cultural anthropology (study of mans
culture both material and non-material)
Social anthropology (deals with man as a
social being, in which sense it would
coincide with sociology)

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The non material aspects of any culture are its

beliefs, customs, philosophy, patterns and ways
of communication (verbal and non-verbal) and
its government.
The material aspect of culture consists of the
physical. These are houses, food items,
factories, raw materials and technologies.
Every culture is the product of this interaction
between its' material and non material aspects.

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History primarily deals with past events.

Sociology on the other end will be

concerned with how people interacted, how
culture was affected etc.

History emphasizes particular historical

occurrences; sociology deals in general.

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History primarily deals with past events and

how they affected society e.g., how the
colonization of Africa underdeveloped
Africa.

Sociology on the other end will be

concerned with how people interacted, how
culture was affected etc during the
colonization and the present.

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The primary interest of the sociologist is the

finding of the general laws of society and
that of the historian the reconstruction of
the order in which historical events have
been taking place.

History deals with human events in so far as

they are correlated in time, while sociology
studies them from the viewpoint of the
social relationships involved
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While the historian describes the Napolean

wars with all the circumstances
accompanying them, a sociologist would
study their impact on the lives of the
people, the role that these wars had on the
subsequent development of the nationalistic
spirit in Europe and the part that
convictions and propaganda played in
arousing the spirits of patriots against the
invader.

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While the historian may deal with the

development of the family in different
civilizations, the sociologists task is to
investigate into the various forms of this
institution; to trace the similarity between
them; to find their correlations so as to be
able to formulate the laws of change and
causality that intervene among those traits
and institutions.

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As society is fundamentally a mental

phenomenon, the relation between social
psychology and sociology becomes at once
obvious.

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Social psychology deals with the mental

processes of man considered as a social
being. It studies particularly the influence of
group life on the mental development of the
individual; the effect of the individual mind
on the group, and the development of the
mental life of the groups within themselves
and in their relations with one another.

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Psychology and Sociology link on that they

deal with the behavior of people,
psychology deals with the behavior of
people and their mental process just like
sociology which also seek to understand
how people's behavior affect society.

The distinction is that the one studies

society from the view point of the
community element; the other from the
viewpoint of psychological factors involved
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Demography
Law
Criminology
Industrial sociology
Religious Sociology
Organizational Sociology
Sociology of communication
Prognostics or futurology (society of future).

FASTEST GROWING SCIENCE

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Meeting point of sociology and philosophy

Its role is the study of the fundamental

principles and concepts of social life in their
epistemological and axiological aspects

Epistemological : philosophical study of

knowledge
Axiological : philosophical study of values

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Ontological: fundamental principles and

concepts of social life such as man, society,
justice, happiness etc.

Criteriological: criticizes or inquires into

the validity of the principles and conclusions
of the social sciences

Synthetic: Seeks to bring together its

results with those of the other sciences that
deal with man
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In its axiological aspect social philosophy

deals with the ultimate values of social life
and the means of attaining them.

Its objective is, therefore, the attainment of

the social good in itself and in its relations
with ultimate moral values.

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