Defintion

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases

characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting
from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or
both.

The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic

disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic
hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat
and protein metabolism resulting from defects in
insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

The effects of diabetes mellitus include longterm

damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.

Prevalence
The DM prevalence is difficult because the
standard setting of different diagnosis. Based on
the data of the American Diabetes Asociation of
2012 (ADA 2012), about 10.2 million people in the
United States suffer from diabetes. Meanwhile in
Indonesia DM prevalence of 1.5 to 2.3% of the
population aged> 15 years.
Based on the IDF data 2014, estimated 9.1 million
people were diagnosed as DM. With these figures
Indonesia 5th ranks in the world, up two places
compared to IDF data in 2013 which 7 th ranks in
the world with 7.6 million people with diabetes.

Types of Diabetes
Type

1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes
Other types:
LADA
MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of

youth)
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 diabetes

Was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes develops when the bodys immune

system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in
the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates
blood glucose.

This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young

adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.

Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all

diagnosed cases of diabetes.

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include

autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.

Type 2 diabetes

Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all

diagnosed cases of diabetes.

It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the

cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises,
the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.

Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family

history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired
glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.

African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American

Indians, and some Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or
Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2
diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in children

and adolescents.

Diabetes Mellitus
Neuropathy
Motor
Limited
Articular
Mobility

Coordination
and Postural
Desviation

Sensitive

Angiopathy
Autonomous

Decrease of
painfeeling

Microangiopa
thy

Decrease
of
sudation

Regulation
of the
altered
blood flow

Peripheral
Vascular
Disease

?
Ischemia

Foot
deformity,
pressure
Callus
Inappropiate
footwear, nonfulfilment.
Lack of social
and
educational
level

Dry skin,
fissures

Traumatis
m

Traumatis
m

Gangrene

Ulcer
Infection

Amputatio

clinical manifestations
Due to the clinical manifestations, usually patients diabetes mellitus will
complain :
Polyuria (many urin)
Polydipsia (thirsty so that drink to much)
Polifagia (to much eat because hunger continously)
Weight loss cant explain why.
If the above complaints experienced by a person, to confirm the
diagnosis can be examined for additional DM complaint :
Weakness, tiredness, tingling, itching
Blurred vision
Bad wound healing
Erectile dysfunction in male patients
Itching in the genital female patients

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of type1 diabetes and many cases of type2, is

usually prompted by recent-onset symptoms of excessive urination

(polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia), and often accompanied
by weight loss.
The diagnosis of other types of diabetes is usually made in other
ways. These include ordinary health screening; detection of
hyperglycemia during other medical investigations;
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent
hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the
following
Fasting plasma glucose level at or above 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/l).
Plasma glucose at or above 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/l) two hours
after a 75g oral glucose load as in a glucose tolerance test
Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma glucose at or above
200mg/dL (11.1mmol/l).