Real Analysis I

Course Code

MTH 321

By
Dr. Moiz ud Din khan
Professor of Mathematics

Lecture # 15

Lecture Outline
In this Lecture we will discuss and prove the
following theorems:

Lecture Outline
In
this Lecture we will discuss and prove the
following theorems:
1. If is a sequence in a compact metric space then some
subsequence of converges to a point of

Lecture Outline
In
this Lecture we will discuss and prove the
following theorems:
1. If is a sequence in a compact metric space then some
subsequence of converges to a point of
2. Every bounded sequence in contains a convergent
subsequence.

Lecture Outline
In
this Lecture we will discuss and prove the
following theorems:
1. If is a sequence in a compact metric space then some
subsequence of converges to a point of
2. Every bounded sequence in contains a convergent
subsequence.
3. The subsequential limits of a sequence in a metric space
form a closed subset of
4. In , sequence Cauchy

 Definition. Subsequence.

 Definition. Subsequence.
Given a sequence ,

 Definition. Subsequence.
Given a sequence ,
consider a sequence

 Definition. Subsequence.
Given a sequence ,
consider a sequence
of positive integers, such that

 Definition. Subsequence.
Given a sequence ,
consider a sequence
of positive integers, such that
Then the sequence is called a subsequence of .

 Definition. Subsequence.

Given a sequence ,
consider a sequence
of positive integers, such that
Then the sequence is called a subsequence of .
Examples:

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence
If is finite, then there is a and a sequence
with such

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence
If is finite, then there is a and a sequence
with such that

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence
If is finite, then there is a and a sequence
with such that
The subsequence so obtained converges to
p.

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence
If is finite, then there is a and a sequence
with such that
The subsequence so obtained converges to
p.
If is infinite, Then by the theorem

Theorem.

If is a sequence in a compact metric

space then some subsequence of converges to a
point of
Proof.
Let be the range of the sequence
If is finite, then there is a and a sequence
with such that
The subsequence so obtained converges to
p.
If is infinite, Then by the theorem
If E is an infinite subset of a compct set K,
then E has a limit point in K

 We have,

 We
have,
E has a limit point

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that
Choosing .

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that
Choosing .
Since every nbd of p contains infinite many points
of E.

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that
Choosing .
Since every nbd of p contains infinite many points
of E.
Therefore for an integer

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that
Choosing .
Since every nbd of p contains infinite many points
of E.
Therefore for an integer
Such that

 We
have,
E has a limit point
Chose so that
Choosing .
Since every nbd of p contains infinite many points
of E.
Therefore for an integer
Such that

 We have,

E has a limit point

Chose so that
Choosing .
Since every nbd of p contains infinite many points of
E.
Therefore for an integer
Such that

Then converges to p.

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

convergent subsequence.
Proof.

contains a

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .

contains a

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of
the sequence is bounded.

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of
the sequence is bounded.
This implies is bounded.

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of
the sequence is bounded.
This implies is bounded.
We know that Every bounded subset of lies in
compact subset of , therefore, E lies in compact
subset of .

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of
the sequence is bounded.
This implies is bounded.
We know that Every bounded subset of lies in
compact subset of , therefore, E lies in compact
subset of .
This implies that the sequence lies in compact
metric space.

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of
the sequence is bounded.
This implies is bounded.
We know that Every bounded subset of lies in
compact subset of , therefore, E lies in compact
subset of .
This implies that the sequence lies in compact
metric space.
We know that If is a sequence in a compact
metric space X, then some subsequence of
converges in

Every bounded sequence in

Theorem.

contains a

convergent subsequence.
Proof. Let be a bounded sequence in .
Since sequence is bounded if the set of terms of the
sequence is bounded.
This implies is bounded.
We know that Every bounded subset of lies in
compact subset of , therefore, E lies in compact
subset of .
This implies that the sequence lies in compact metric
space.
We know that If is a sequence in a compact metric
space X, then some subsequence of converges in
Therefore there exists some subsequence of which
converges to some point of .

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.
Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.
Let be the set of all subsequential limits of
Let q be a limit point of

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.
Let be the set of all subsequential limits of
Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that
Choose so that

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that
Choose so that
(If no such exists, then has only one point, and
there is nothing to prove)

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that
Choose so that
(If no such exists, then has only one point, and
there is nothing to prove)
Put

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that
Choose so that
(If no such exists, then has only one point, and
there is nothing to prove)
Put
Suppose are chosen

Theorem.

The subsequential limits of a sequence

in a metric space form a closed subset of

Proof.

Let be the set of all subsequential limits of

Let q be a limit point of
We have to show that
Choose so that
(If no such exists, then has only one point, and
there is nothing to prove)
Put
Suppose are chosen
Since q is a limit point of , there is an

 with

 with
Since there is an s.t.

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then
For

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then
For
This implies converges to q.

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then
For
This implies converges to q.
Hence

 with
Since there is an s.t.
. Then

For
This implies converges to q.
Hence
This completes the proof.

 Cauchy Sequence.

Theorem. In ,
sequence Cauchy sequence.

Proof.

summery:
Lecture

We have proved that:

1. If is a sequence in a compact metric space then
some subsequence of converges to a point of
2. Every bounded sequence in contains a
convergent subsequence.
3. The subsequential limits of a sequence in a
metric space form a closed subset of

THANK YOU