UNDER THE GUIIDANCE OF:

DR. DINESH KUMAR

(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)

DELIVERED BY:
ARUN GOYAL
M.TECH (2ND YEAR)
GP-02

Department of Geophysics
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

What Is Forward Problem?

It is the problem of calculating what should be observed for a
particular model.
It is formulated as:
model parameters

model

data

for example:
To calculate the gravity anomaly that would be observed for a
given model of any geological structure.

What Is Inverse Problem?

It is the problem of determining the nature of a
physical feature by examining the effects it has made.
It is formulated as:
data

model

model parameters

for example:
Potential fields, as in gravity surveying when an
anomaly is interpreted to produce a geological model.

Terminology Used In Problem:1. Data points

2. Model parameters
3. Model
1. Data points:-To know the property of the system we do some
observation these observation or reading is called data point.

2. Model parameters:- From the data we want to know some

specific properties (or constant) for the system these constants are
known as modal parameter e.g. In case of earth density,resistivity
elastic parameter is the modal parameter.

3. Model:-Model is a set of mathematical expression which is used

to relate the data and modal parameter.

(A) On the based of data point and model parameter

(B)On the based of model

Classification Of Inverse Problem:(A) on the based of data point and model parameter
(1)Over determined inverse problem
(2) underdetermined inverse problem
(3)Even determined inverse problem

(B) On the based of model

(1)Linear inverse problem

(2)Nonlinear inverse problem

(A) On the based of data point and model

parameter
(1)Over determined inverse problem:If there are too much information
in the equation d=Gm for it to posses an exact
solution than we called over determined inverse
problem or number of data point is greater than the
model parameter.

(2)Under determined inverse problem:If the equation d=Gm does not carry
sufficient amount of information to calculated the all
model parameter then such type of problem is called
under determine problem or number of data point is less
than the model parameter.

(3)Even determined inverse problem:If the equation d=Gm carries exactly

information which is required to determined the all
model parameter then such problem is called as the
even determined problem or number of data point is
equal to number of model parameter.

(B) On the based of model:(1)Linear inverse problem:The simple and best understood linear
inverse problem is that which can be represented in
explicit form i.e. we can separate the data point and
model parameter d=f (m) where G is data kernel

(2)Non linear inverse problem:The simple and best understood

non linear inverse problem is that which can be
represented in implicit form i.e. we cannot separate
the data point and model parameter f(d,m)=0

Solution of linear inverse problem:1. Least square solution

(over determined problem)
2. Minimum length solution
(under-determined problem)
3. Combined function solution
(Mixed determined problem)

Least Square Solution:d=Gm

d=(d1,d2,d3,d4,----------------dN)T
m=(m1,m2,m3-----------------mm)T
Corresponding to each data point there is some error
which is given by
e=(e1,e2,e3-------------------en)T
d=Gm+e

di

G
j1

ij

m j ei

e i d i G ij m j
j1

To minimize the error we use

e
i 1

i 1

j1

E (d i G ijm j )
E
mk

m
N
m
j
2(d G m )(0 Gij
)
i
ij j
m
i 1
j1
k

N
m
E
2(d G m )( G ij jk )
mk i 1 i j 1 ij j
if j k,
j k

jk 1
0

N
m
E
2(d G m )( G ik )
i
ij j
mk
i 1
j1

E
0
m k

G
i 1 j1

ik

G ij m j G ik d i
i 1

This equation in matrix form

T

G GmG d
T

m (G G) G d
T

-1

Minimum Length Solution:T

L m m m
We want to minimize

Lm m
Such that

Gm d

Apply method of Lagrange's multiplier

L (G m d )

m m (G m d )
T

2
i

i ( G ij m j d i )


2m i iq i ( G ij jq 0) 0
m q
j q, jq 1,

Otherwise zero

i q, iq 1,

Otherwise zero

2m i G iq 0
T

2m G 0
1 T
m G
2

d GM

1 T
d G ( G )
2
1
T
d GG
2

(GG T ) 1
1
T 1
(GG ) d
2
2(GG T ) 1 d

Premultiply both sides by

then

1 T
1 T
m G m G (2GG T ) 1 d )
2
2
T

T 1

m G (G G ) d

Damped Least Square Solution

(1)Least square solution
1

m (G G ) G d
T

Over determined problem

(2)Minimum length solution

T

m G (G G ) d Underdetermine problem
in (1) we minimize the error E e T e
In (2)

L mT m

Now if we combine these two cases

T E L
2

From equation (1)

(1)

T e e m m
2
2
2
T (d i G ijm j ) m i
T

m q m q

(d i G ijm j ) m
q
2

2
i

T
T
2 (G G ) m G T d 2 2 m i iq 0
m q
T

(G G ) m G d m 0
T

(G G m m ) G d
2

(G G I) m G d
2

m (G G I) G d
2

References:Menke
William, Geophysical data analysis; discrete
inverse theory.
Internet