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  • Peak To Average Power Ratio Reduction For OFDM

    Загружено:

    Elibom
    3K просмотров29 страниц
    With the upcoming deployment of wideband wireless network with throughput greater than 100Mbps over high frequency bands such as 5-GHz band and the adopting of multicarrier modulations, more and more challenges are brought to system and hardware design. OFDM, frequently referred as multi-carrier modulation, is becoming the de facto standard for next-generation wideband wireless networks. However, one of the critical issues of OFDM as well as other multicarrier modulation scheme is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which usually requires large backoff and highly efficient high power amplifier (HPA), large dynamic range analog-to-digital converter (ADC), high linearity up-converter, etc. These requirements lead to expensive hardware systems that are difficult to design. Hence it becomes more and more important to alleviate the burden of hardware design with employing advanced PAPR reduction technologies. In this tutorial contribution, OFDM RF design challenges and PAPR reduction technologies are presented. They are discussed in terms of both theory and implementation with many examples. Especially a patent search is given too. There are five major parts in this tutorial. In the first part, an introduction to OFDM, the RF design challenges and the PAPR issue is presented. We outline the challenges, which include high power peak, linearity limitation, image rejection, phase noise and distortion, etc., brought to each component of OFDM RF design. Here we focus on high peak power and try to solve the PAPR issue, which is defined from both signal processing and coding perspectives. The problem of PAPR issue is outlined from implementation perspective with the discussion of the effectiveness of signal clipping, which is known as one of the simplest PAPR reduction technique. In the second part, an overview of most popular PAPR reduction approaches is given. It includes coding, signal processing and filtering, selection mapping, signal constellation optimization, etc. The pros and cons of these approaches are compared in terms of performance and implementation complexity. In the third part, PAPR reduction techniques adopted in existing standards are presented and discussed. We cover some of the most important standards including GSM, WCDMA, LTE and UMB. In the fourth part, many PAPR reduction patent examples are presented, followed by a presentation of our recent contributions to PAPR reduction. Our approaches are simple and efficient, with low implementation complexity on the receiver. The conclusions and further works are outlined in the last part. In summary, this tutorial is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of PAPR reduction form OFDM for a wide array of audiences. It includes not only the background theory, implementation considerations and related standards but also our recent contributions.

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    Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction for OFDM

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    With the upcoming deployment of wideband wireless network with throughput greater than 100Mbps over high frequency bands such as 5-GHz band and the adopting of multicarrier modulations, more and more challenges are brought to system and hardware design. OFDM, frequently referred as multi-carrier modulation, is becoming the de facto standard for next-generation wideband wireless networks. However, one of the critical issues of OFDM as well as other multicarrier modulation scheme is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which usually requires large backoff and highly efficient high power amplifier (HPA), large dynamic range analog-to-digital converter (ADC), high linearity up-converter, etc. These requirements lead to expensive hardware systems that are difficult to design. Hence it becomes more and more important to alleviate the burden of hardware design with employing advanced PAPR reduction technologies. In this tutorial contribution, OFDM RF design challenges and PAPR reduction technologies are presented. They are discussed in terms of both theory and implementation with many examples. Especially a patent search is given too. There are five major parts in this tutorial. In the first part, an introduction to OFDM, the RF design challenges and the PAPR issue is presented. We outline the challenges, which include high power peak, linearity limitation, image rejection, phase noise and distortion, etc., brought to each component of OFDM RF design. Here we focus on high peak power and try to solve the PAPR issue, which is defined from both signal processing and coding perspectives. The problem of PAPR issue is outlined from implementation perspective with the discussion of the effectiveness of signal clipping, which is known as one of the simplest PAPR reduction technique. In the second part, an overview of most popular PAPR reduction approaches is given. It includes coding, signal processing and filtering, selection mapping, signal constellation optimization, etc. The pros and cons of these approaches are compared in terms of performance and implementation complexity. In the third part, PAPR reduction techniques adopted in existing standards are presented and discussed. We cover some of the most important standards including GSM, WCDMA, LTE and UMB. In the fourth part, many PAPR reduction patent examples are presented, followed by a presentation of our recent contributions to PAPR reduction. Our approaches are simple and efficient, with low implementation complexity on the receiver. The conclusions and further works are outlined in the last part. In summary, this tutorial is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of PAPR reduction form OFDM for a wide array of audiences. It includes not only the background theory, implementation considerations and related standards but also our recent contributions.

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    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    3K просмотров29 страниц

    Peak To Average Power Ratio Reduction For OFDM

    Загружено:

    Elibom
    With the upcoming deployment of wideband wireless network with throughput greater than 100Mbps over high frequency bands such as 5-GHz band and the adopting of multicarrier modulations, more and more challenges are brought to system and hardware design. OFDM, frequently referred as multi-carrier modulation, is becoming the de facto standard for next-generation wideband wireless networks. However, one of the critical issues of OFDM as well as other multicarrier modulation scheme is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which usually requires large backoff and highly efficient high power amplifier (HPA), large dynamic range analog-to-digital converter (ADC), high linearity up-converter, etc. These requirements lead to expensive hardware systems that are difficult to design. Hence it becomes more and more important to alleviate the burden of hardware design with employing advanced PAPR reduction technologies. In this tutorial contribution, OFDM RF design challenges and PAPR reduction technologies are presented. They are discussed in terms of both theory and implementation with many examples. Especially a patent search is given too. There are five major parts in this tutorial. In the first part, an introduction to OFDM, the RF design challenges and the PAPR issue is presented. We outline the challenges, which include high power peak, linearity limitation, image rejection, phase noise and distortion, etc., brought to each component of OFDM RF design. Here we focus on high peak power and try to solve the PAPR issue, which is defined from both signal processing and coding perspectives. The problem of PAPR issue is outlined from implementation perspective with the discussion of the effectiveness of signal clipping, which is known as one of the simplest PAPR reduction technique. In the second part, an overview of most popular PAPR reduction approaches is given. It includes coding, signal processing and filtering, selection mapping, signal constellation optimization, etc. The pros and cons of these approaches are compared in terms of performance and implementation complexity. In the third part, PAPR reduction techniques adopted in existing standards are presented and discussed. We cover some of the most important standards including GSM, WCDMA, LTE and UMB. In the fourth part, many PAPR reduction patent examples are presented, followed by a presentation of our recent contributions to PAPR reduction. Our approaches are simple and efficient, with low implementation complexity on the receiver. The conclusions and further works are outlined in the last part. In summary, this tutorial is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of PAPR reduction form OFDM for a wide array of audiences. It includes not only the background theory, implementation considerations and related standards but also our recent contributions.

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PPT, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 29

    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio Reduction


    for OFDM

    Shu Wang
    LG Electronics Mobile Research, USA
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Introduction
    • Understanding the PAPR (Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio) of OFDM from
    • a signal processing perspective,
    • a coding perspective, and
    • an implementation perspective.
    • PAPR reduction in research and standards.
    • Known techniques: clipping, coding, PTS, SLM, dynamic PA backoff,
    single-carrier modulation, etc.
    • Relevant standards: GSM, WCDMA, UMB, LTE, etc.
    • Two PAPR reduction techniques are investigated for regular OFDM.
    1) PAPR reduction with group-based cyclic delays
    2) PAPR reduction with subcarrier remapping
    • Three PAPR reduction schemes are investigated for layer-modulated
    OFDM
    1) Rotated Layer Modulation
    2) PAPR Reduction with Layer-Based Cyclic Delay
    3) PAPR Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay

    2
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    The PAPR of OFDM


    0.25

    max s( t )
    PAPR = ≈ O( L )
    E s( t ) 0.2

    Probability Density Function


    2
    0.15
    1.5

    3.01dB
    1
    0.1
    Imaginary Part of OFDM Signal

    0.5

    0
    0.05
    ­0.5

    ­1
    0
    2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
    Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (dB)
    ­1.5 6.53dB

    ­2
    ­2 ­1.5 ­1 ­0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
    8PSK, L=128
    Real Part of OFDM Signal

    3
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR: A Signal Processing Perspective


    •The statistic properties of PAPR can be CCDF ( γ ) = Pr ( PAPR > γ )
    described by CCDF (complementary
    cumulative distribution function). = 1 − Pr ( PAPR ≤ γ )
    •And let’s do something a little bit
    heuristic.
    [
    = 1 − Pr CG ( p ≤ γ ) ] L

    • Assume the frequency-domain ≥≈ 1 − 1 − e( −γ L


    )
    symbol is complex Gaussian
    distributed.
    • When the number of subcarriers,
    L, become large, the instantaneous
    power of each OFDM signal chip
    can be modeled by a chi-
    distributed signal with two degree
    of freedom.
    high PAPR sounds like rare event,
    can we just ignore it? N=64, oversampling factor 4, Thompson, et al 2005

    4
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR: A Coding Perspective

    Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio (PMEPR)


    (L-1)-sphere cap with c
    max Euclid distance r

    max S ( t ) s( t )
    2 2
    1
    max C ( z ) z = e jθ
    2
    PAPR = ≤ max =
    E S(t)
    2 2 2
    c c
    (L-1)-sphere

    c0 + c1 z +  + c L −1 z L −1
    = C ( z ) = c ∗ w( z ) z = e jθ

    What is the achievable region of triplets (R, d, PMEPR)?

    5
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Rapp’s SSPA Model


    •AM/AM characteristics of the Rapp SSPA model, P=2

    PA output voltage PA input voltage

    vin
    vout = 1
     | vin | 2 P  2P
    1 + ( ) 
     Vsat 
    PA output Knee factor. Typically
    saturation level P=2~3

    •The knee factor P controls the smoothness of the SSPA characteristic. When P = 2,
    it is known to be a good representation of the HPA’s in the sub-10 GHz
    frequency range.

    6
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR: An Implementation Perspective

    OFDM, P0=2, N1=256, 8*ovs, alpha=.125
    10
    BO=5 dB 
    BO=7 dB 
    0 BO=10 dB

    ­10

     Upper half of power spectrum (dB)
    ­20

    ­30

    ­40

    ­50

    Source: Intersil 
    ­60

    ­70

    ­80
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
     frequency normalized to symbol rate

    7
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Challenges Brought By High PAPR


    • Peak transmit power is limited by
    • Regulations
    • Interference. both in-band and out-of-band interference are
    concerned.
    • Hardware Limitations, especially when the bill of materials and
    power consumption are among the major concerns.
    • High PAPR of OFDM signals, especially at the high carrier
    frequency, e.g. 2-5GHz, and with high-order modulations, brings
    new challenges for the implementations.
    • It demands the HPA with large backoff.
    • It demands the high power amplifier with better efficiency.
    • It requires the up-converter with high linearity.
    • It requires the ADC with large dynamic range.
    • It requires the LO with low phase noise level.

    8
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction in Standards


    • GSM: The modulation is GMSK, which has a constant envelope and is
    optimized for amplifier PAPR requirement.
    • WCDMA: DPDCH and DPCCH are I-Q/code multiplexed and complex
    scrambled. The complex scrambling codes are formed in such a way that
    the rotations between consecutive chips within one symbol period are
    limited to ±90o. The full 180 rotation can happen only between
    consecutive symbols.
    • UMB: The scheduler adapts assignments of different ATs based on their
    PA characteristics and power limitation and schedule power-limited users
    away from the edge of spectrum allocation and other users on the
    remaining spectrum with taking into account user’s power limitation as well
    as channel selectivity across subbands.
    • LTE: SC-FDMA, which has low PAPR in time domain but high PAPR in
    frequency domain, is adopted. SC-FDMA has about 1.5 for 16QAM and
    2.5dB for QPSK in PAPR gain but less frequency diversity gain.

    9
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Some Popular PAPR Reduction Technologies


    • Clipping: In-band distortion mostly is negligible. But out-of-band distortion is more
    serious.
    • Filtering and Signal Processing :
    • time-invariant linear filter results in less peak regrowth and lower PAPR than DFT
    filter in general, if there is no spectral masking.
    • Partial Transmit Signaling (PTS): divide/Group into clusters and each of them is done
    with a smaller IFFT. [Muller and Huber, 97 ]
    • Tone Reservation (TR): inserting anti-peak signals in unused or reserved subcarriers.
    The objective is to find the time-domain signal to be added into the original time-
    domain signal such that PAPR is reduced. [Tellado, 00]
    • Coding: The idea is to select a codeword with less PAPR. it still is an open problem to
    construct codes with both low PAPR and short Hamming distance.
    • Selected Mapping (SLM): it is based on selecting one of the transformed blocks for each
    data block, which has the lowest PAPR. [Bauml, Fisher and Huber, 96]
    • Constellation Optimization
    • Tone Injection (TI): the basic idea is to increase the constellation size so that each of
    the points in the original basic constellation can be mapped into several equivalent
    points in the expanded constellation.
    • Active constellation extension (ACE): similar to TI. [Krongold and Jones, 03]

    10
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Examples: Partial Transmit Signaling and Selective Mapping

    •Partial Transmit Signaling (PTS)


    • Input is divided into M clusters,
    • Each cluster is converted into time-domain with shorter IFFT
    • Combine the M output sequence to minimize the PAPR
    •Selective Mapping (SLM)
    • This method is based on generating M statistically independent transformed
    blocks for each data block and transmitting the one with the lowest PAPR.
    • Multiple data streams by M different sequences
    • Converted them independently into time domain with IFFT
    • Select the best sequence for transmission.
    •In general, both of them require transmitting some side information about the identity
    of the selected block.

    11
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Rotation and Delay (1/2)

    e j 2πnT∆ f
    F ( f ) ⇔ f t − nT∆ ( )
    Time-domain shifting is equal
    to frequency-domain rotating

    F ( f − nf ∆ ) ⇔ e j 2πnf ∆ t
    f (t)
    Frequency-domain shifting is
    equal to time-domain rotating

    12
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Rotation and Delay (2/2)


    • Frequency-domain subcarrier remapping brings time-domain
    rotation on OFDM subcarriers.
    • From a time-domain perspective, it is similar to PTS.
    • With PTS, however, the direct rotation of subcarriers in time
    domain may change frequency-domain pilot pattern.
    • Time-domain cyclic delays of subcarriers brings the rotation of
    subcarriers in frequency domain.
    • From a frequency-domain perspective, it is similar to SLM.
    • With SLM, however, the rotation of subcarrier with SLM is done
    in frequency domain, which is separated from the PAPR
    detection by IFFT. This results in high calculation complexity
    and/or processing delay.

    13
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    The Proposed PAPR Reduction Schemes


    • PAPR Reduction with Subcarrier Remapping
    • Multiple OFDM signals are generated based on different
    symbol-to-subcarriers mapping rule
    • The OFDM signal of the lowest PAPR is selected for
    transmission.
    • PAPR Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay
    • The input subcarriers are partitioned into multiple groups.
    • The PAPR of the sum output can be reduced with properly
    adjusting the delay of each group’s IFFT output.

    14
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Subcarrier Remapping (1/2)

    Tx and/or
    Symbol-to- Parallel to
    Serial and
    Subcarrier IFFT
    Cyclic
    Mapping Prefix
    Format 1

    Tx and/or
    Symbol-to- Parallel to
    Serial , and
    Subcarrier IFFT
    Cyclic
    Select the
    one with
    Mapping Prefix lowest
    Format 2 PAPR

    Tx and/or
    Symbol-to- Parallel to
    Serial and
    Subcarrier IFFT
    Cyclic
    Mapping Prefix
    Format N

    15
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Subcarrier Remapping (2/2)


    0
    10

    ­1
    10

    Gaussian Approx
    CCDF

    10
    ­2
    with No Cyclic Delay
    with Tx Format Selection, G=2

    10
    ­3 QPSK/OFDM, L=128

    ­4
    10
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (dB)

    16
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay (1/2)

    Cyclic delay
    IFFT and Cyclic/
    Zero Prefix
    Dividing,
    Decomposition ,
    Grouping or Combining
    Clustering , or and PAPR
    amplitude calculation
    adjustment if
    necessary
    Cyclic delay
    IFFT and Cyclic/
    Zero Prefix

    PAPR control

    17
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR0 Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay (2/2)


    10

    ­1
    10

    QPSK/OFDM, L=128
    CCDF

    ­2
    10

    ­3
    10 Guassian approximation
    with no PAPR reduction
    with group-based cyclic delay, G=2
    with partial transmit signaling, G=2
    ­4
    10
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (dB)

    18
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Superposition Precoding and Layered Modulation

    01 00
    0011 0000
    0001
    0010

    b1b0 θ
    α 0111

    10
    0110
    2β 0100
    11 0101

    Base Layer : QPSK

    1111 1100
    00 1101
    01 β 1110

    θ
    e1e0 2α
    10 1011 1000
    1010 1001
    11

    Enhancement Layer : rotated QPSK


    QPSK/QPSK Hierarchical Modulation b1e1b0e0

    Achievable rates, ( Bergmans and Cover, 1974 ).

    •Optimal broadcast channel capacity is achievable by superposing two users’ signal


    together.
    •Superposition precoding with interference cancellation outperforms TDM and FDM
    schemes in most time.
    •Layer modulation is one of the popular implementations of superposition
    precoding.

    19
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Layered Modulation in Standards

    •UMB/MediaFLO supports layered transmission of


    base/enhancement layers
    • Extends coverage with layered source coding
    • Provides a more graceful degradation of reception.
    •Besides using a dedicated DVB-H network, DVB-H service can
    also be embedded into DVB-T network using layered modulation.
    • DVB-H service use the HP input while DVB-T services use LP.
    • The HP input can offer increased robustness in mobile environment
    over the LP input
    • The LP input can serve higher bit-rate for fixed reception service

    20
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction for Layer-Modulated OFDM


    • The enhanced layer modulation with rotating enhancement layer
    • The signal constellation of the enhancement layer is rotated for
    • lowering PAPR,
    • lowering symbol error rate, and
    • Increasing achievable throughput.
    • PAPR reduction with layer-based cyclic delay
    • The input two layers are individually processing with IFFT.
    • The enhancement layer is cyclic delayed and added into the based layer
    in time domain.
    • With proper adjusting the delay, the PAPR can be reduced.
    • PAPR reduction with group-based cyclic delay
    • The input subcarriers are partitioned into at least two groups.
    • The output PAPR can be reduced with properly adjusting the delay of
    each group’s IFFT output.

    21
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Hierarchical Modulation with Rotation (1/2)

    Power and/
    Layer 1 or Phase
    Symbols Adjustment

    Parallel to
    Superpostion Serial and
    and IFFT PAPR
    calculation

    Power and /
    Layer 1 or Phase
    Symbols Adjustment

    PAPR detection and control

    22
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Hierarchical Modulation with Rotation (2/2)


    0
    10

    ­1
    10
    CCDF

    ­2 Gaussian Approximation, L=128
    10
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.01, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.09, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.25, L=128
    Enhanced QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.01, L=128
    ­3
    10 Enhanced QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.04, L=128
    Enhanced QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.09, L=128
    Enhanced QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.16, L=128
    Enhanced QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.25, L=128
    ­4
    10
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (dB)

    23
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Layer-Based Cyclic Delay (1/2)

    Layer-1
    IFFT Cyclic
    Symbols Delay

    Combining
    and PAPR
    calculation

    Layer-2
    IFFT Cyclic
    Symbols Delay

    PAPR control

    24
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Layer-Based Cyclic Delay (2/2)


    0
    10

    ­1
    10
    Regular Hierarch.
    Cyclically Delayed Modulations
    Hierarch. Modulations
    CCDF

    ­2
    10
    Gaussian Approximation, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.01, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.09, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.25, L=128
    ­3
    10 Cyc. Del. QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.01, L=128
    Cyc. Del. QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.04, L=128
    Cyc. Del. QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.09, L=128
    Cyc. Del. QPSK/QPSK, P /P =0.16, L=128
    2 1
    Cyc. Del. QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.25, L=128
    ­4
    10
    0 2 4 6 8 10 12
    Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (dB)

    25
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay (1/2)

    The input IFFT Cyclic


    layered- Delay
    modulated
    symbols are Combining
    divided into and PAPR
    multiple smaller calculation
    groups of
    layered-
    modulated Cyclic
    symbols IFFT Delay

    PAPR control

    26
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    PAPR Reduction with Group-Based Cyclic Delay (2/2)


    0
    10

    ­1
    10
    CCDF

    ­2
    10
    Gaussian Approximation, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.01, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.09, L=128
    Regular QPSK/QPSK, P2/P1=0.25, L=128
    ­3
    10 with PAPR Reduction, P2/P1=0.01, L=128, G=2
    with PAPR Reduction, P2/P1=0.04, L=128,G=2
    with PAPR Reduction, P2/P1=0.09, L=128, G=2
    with PAPR Reduction, P2/P1=0.16, L=128, G=2
    with PAPR Reduction, P2/P1=0.25, L=128, G=2
    ­4
    10
    0 2 4
    Peak-to-Average 6Power Ratio
    8 (dB) 10 12

    27
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Conclusions (1/2)
    • PAPR reduction is a historic issue existing with the development of
    wireless communication systems.
    • The high PAPR of OFDM bring higher requirements and more
    challenges on the system implementation, which limit the actual
    performance of OFDM systems.
    • It brings higher requirements on HPA, ADC, heat dissipation,
    signal processing, etc.
    • Two new PAPR reduction technologies are proposed.
    • PAPR reduction with transmission format selection
    • Low processing delay
    • High complexity
    • PAPR reduction with cyclic delay diversity
    • Simple and seamless PAPR reduction.  No additional
    demodulation overhead
    • Better demodulation.  More diversity
    • Compatible with any modulation and coding scheme.

    28
    C00-NTAH-20070827-008

    Conclusions (2/2)
    • Rotational layer modulation has lower PAPR than regular layer modulation,
    providing properly rotating the enhancement layer.
    • It has PAPR reduction gain, though it is not significant.
    • The PAPR reduction gain depends on the power splitting between layers.
    • With cyclic delays, additional PAPR reduction is achievable
    • The performance of layer-based approach depends on the power splitting
    between layers, while the group-based approach doesn’t.
    • In general, the group-based approach has a constant better performance
    than the layer-based approach.
    • The group-based approach has the best performance of the three proposed
    approaches.
    • Simple and seamless PAPR reduction.  No additional
    demodulation overhead
    • Better demodulation.  More diversity
    • Compatible with regular modulations as well as the enhanced layer
    modulation for high throughput.

    29

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