Forging Of

Swords
And
Spears

Group Members
Ali Raza
2013-IM-54
Talal Omer
2013-IM-55
Faizan Ahmad 2013-IM-56
Muhammad Mansoor 2013IM-58

CONTENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is Forging
History
Evaluation of Swords
Materials
Process
Different Compositions
Finishing
Swords
Manufacturing
Companies
9. References

Forging
A process of working metal to a finished shape by
hammering or pressing and is primarily a "hot"
operation.

It is applied to the production of shapes either

impossible or too costly to make by other methods
or needing properties not obtainable by casting.

Categories of forgings include Hammer, Press,

Drop or Stamping.

Forging Diagram

History
Sword smithingis the labour-intensiveblade
smithingprocess developed inJapan for forging
traditionally made bladed weapons.
Japanese sword blades were often forged with
different profiles, different blade thicknesses, and
varying amounts ofgrind.
Sword making, historically, has been the work of
specialized smiths or metalworkers calledblade
smithsor sword smiths

Four Key Points For

Evaluating swords
Flexibility
Strength
Hardness
Balance

Materials
Copper
Greater Flexibility .
Bronze and Tin
Greater Strength .
Steel swords are also being made .

Process..!
Forging Of Steel

 Steel as varies greatly in carbon content, ranging

fromwrought irontopig iron.
Low Carbon Steel
For the core of the blade.
High Carbon Steel and Re-Melted pig Iron.
Combined to form the outer
skin of the
blade


Swords are made by repeatedly
hammering and folding the metal .

heating,

Low Carbon steel is folded several times to purify ,

produces soft metal , used for core making .
High Carbon steel is then forged into alternating
layers .

 The alternating layer is heated, quenched in

water, and then broken into small pieces to help
free it from slag.
The High steel carbon is then forged into a single
plate, and the pieces of layers are piled on top,
and the whole thing isforge weldedinto a single
block.
The block is then elongated, cut, folded, and forge
welded again. This process is repeated 8 to 16
times.

 Carbon
composition
homogeneous .

almost

becomes

Depending on the amount of carbon introduced,

this process forms either the very hard steel for
the edge, or the slightly less hardenable steel.
Between each heating and folding, the steel is
coated in a mixture of clay, water and straw-ash
to protect it from oxidationandcarburization .

 At around 1,650F (900C), the heat and water

from the clay promote the formation of awustite
layer, which is a type of iron oxide formed in the
absence of oxygen

 This leaves a very pure surface which, in turn,

helps facilitate the forge-welding process.
Different parts are forged welded ,and desired
shape is obtained .

Heating Process
When steel with a carbon content of 0.7 percent is
heated beyond 750 degrees C it enters the
"austenite phase".
When austenite is cooled very suddenly by
quenching in water the structure changes into
"martensite ", which is an extremely hard form of
steel.
When austenite is allowed to cool slowly its
structure changes into a mixture of ferrite and
cementite, called pearlite, which is much softer
than martensite.
To produce a difference in hardness, the steel is
cooled at different rates by controlling the

Swords Different
Composition
c. 1940s -- Carbon (edge) 1.02%, Carbon (body)
1.02%,
Manganese
0.37%,
Silicon
0.18%,
Phosphorus 0.015%, Copper 0.21%
c. 1800s -- Carbon (edge) 0.62%%, Carbon (body)
0.1%, Manganese 0.01%, Silicon 0.07%, Phosphorus
0.046%, Copper 0.01%
c. 1700s -- Carbon (edge) 0.69%, Carbon (body)
0.43%,
Manganese
0.005%,
Silicon
0.02%,
Phosphorus 0.075%, Copper 0.01%
c. 1500s -- Carbon (edge) 0.5%, Carbon (body)
0.5%,
Manganese
0.005%,
Silicon
0.04%,
Phosphorus 0.034%, Copper 0.01%

Decoration and Polishing

Once the blade is cooled and mud is scraped of ..
Blades are designed and grooves are also made .

Polishing refines the shape and improves its

aesthetic value .

A properly made sword costs 200$-1000$.

Finishing

Swords
Manufacturing
Companies

Windlass Swords
Windlass Swords of India are one of the worlds
largest producers of sub US$300 medieval swords,
as well as the official contractors for the USMC
and other military forces.

Angel Swords
Makes hardest and toughest swords .

References
The Development of Controversies: From the Early
Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums,
Volume 91 of Linguistic Insights. Studies in
Language and Communication, Author,
The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology,
Complete Idiot's Guides, Authors Evans Lansing
Smith, Nathan Robert Brown, Publisher Penguin,
2008, ISBN 1592577644, 9781592577
The Tale of the Tatara