HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

(3)
Modern Architecture
Arch.Eiman Graiz
Yarmouk university
2015/ 2016

Art and Craft Movement

Arts and Crafts architecture was, like the movement itself,

defined more by a set of ideals and principles than a

particular architectural style.
Began in Britain, spread to America
The Arts and Crafts Movement was a reaction against the

poor quality of design during the Industrial Revolution.

The members of the Arts and Crafts Movement believed that

the growth of industry had destroyed traditional skills and

had removed the pride that a craftsman could find in his
work.

The members of the Arts and Crafts Movement formed themselves into
crafts guilds, based on the medieval examples, in order to encourage
high standards of design and provide a supportive working
environment.

All previous ideas confirmed that Britain is the true center of the birth of
artistic thought aims to create a new style to a modern architecture.

Embraced
A closer relationship between designer,
maker, and object
The integration of art into life
Objects and furniture that were smaller,
less ornamented, more hand-crafted

William Morris,
Artichoke Wallpaper, c1897

John Ruskin
The leading writer on art and design

in Britain.
Inspired by Pugin,
Ruskin advocated the design of the

past, but was not married to Gothic

Style or any one style.

Sketches and watercolor by Ruskin

Ruskin Believed
that machines and factory work limited human happiness
Advocated finding joy in work through a closer relationship with craft

William Morris
Founder of the Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris
(London, England 1834 1896
Was an artist, designer, printer, typographer,

bookbinder, craftsman, poet, writer and champion of

socialist ideals.
He believes that nature was the perfect example of God's
creation.
Inspired by the Gothic style of the Medieval period
Founded Morris &Co. a design company specialising in
tapestry, fabric, wallpaper, furniture and stained glass

Artisanal production improved

laborers conditions and edified
society

William Morris.
How I Became a Socialist,
London: Twentieth Century Press, 1896.

"... what I mean by Socialism is

a condition of society ... in which all men
would be living in equality of condition,
and would manage their affairs unwastefully,
and with the full consciousness that harm to
one would mean harm to all - the realization
at last of the meaning of the word
COMMONWEALTH."

Inspiration and influences

Medieval architecture
Romantic literature and poetry of Shelley, Keats and

Tennyson
The writings of John Ruskin (art critic, social thinker and
philanthropist)

Principles of the Arts and Crafts Movement

Rebellion against industrialisation and mass production by

machine
A belief in a socialist society, a striving for a good quality

of life for all, including art for the people, by the people
Artists and craftsman were seen as equals
The revival of craftsmanship, honesty in construction and

truth to materials

Design Principles
Simplicity of design, devoid of superfluous and excessive

ornamentation
Pattern was based on flora and fauna, flattened and

simplified
Visible construction methods - visible joints, metalwork

hammer finished

Arts and Crafts, or Craftsman, houses

have many of these features:
Wood, stone, or stucco siding
Low-pitched roof
Wide eaves with triangular brackets
Exposed roof rafters
Porch with thick square or round columns
Stone porch supports
Exterior chimney made with stone
Open floor plans; few hallways
Numerous windows
Some windows with stained or leaded glass
Beamed ceilings
Dark wood wainscoting and mouldings
Built-in cabinets, shelves, and seating

 Wallpaper, fabric and tile designs

Red house
William Morris and Philip Webb,
Morris wanted the house to be a place that reflected his ideals and celebrated art,
craftsmanship, and community.

Charles Robert Ashbee

(1863 1942)

Influenced by
Socialism of William

Morris (Established
Guild and School of
Handicraft in 1888, in
the slums
of Whitechapel)
Works of John Ruskin

Guild And School Of Handicraft

its stated aim was to:

"seek not only to set a higher standard of
craftsmanship, but at the same time, and in so doing, to
protect the status of the craftsman. To this end it
endeavours to steer a mean between the independence
of the artist which is individualistic and often parasitical
and the trade-shop, where the workman is bound to
purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and has,
as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest
beyond his weekly wage"

William Lethaby
(1857 - 1931)

Influenced by
His Father, craftsman

and lay preacher

Society for the

Protection of Ancient
Buildings

PHILIP WEBB
(1857 - 1931)

Architect of the first Arts

and Crafts Building
The Red House

PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN

House at West Sussex, England.

CHICAGO SCHOOL 1870

 This school appeared after the fire in Chicago that created

the need of rebuilding the city

Architects were encouraged to build higher structures
because of the escalating land prices

 Conscious of the possibilities of the new materials and

structures they developed buildings in which:

Isolated footing supported a skeleton of iron encased in

masonry
There were:
fireproof floors,
numerous fast elevators and
gas light

The traditional masonry wall became curtains, full of glass,

supported by the metal skeleton

The first skyscrapers were born

Pioneer Architects
Adler
Sullivan
Le Baron Jenney
Burham
Wellborn Root

Characteristics
Bold geometric facades pierced with either arched or lintel-type

openings.

The wall surface highlighted with extensive low-relief sculptural

ornamentation in terra cotta.

Buildings often topped with deep projecting eaves and flat

roofs.

The multi-story office complex highly regimented into specific

zones or ground story, intermediate floors, and the attic or roof.

The intermediate floors are arranged in vertical bands.

Large arched window

 Large arched window

Decorative terra cotta panel
Decorative band
Vertical strips of windows
Projecting eaves (the under part of a sloping roof

overhanging a wall)

LOUIS SULLIVAN
(1856-1924)

Louis Henry Sullivan

was an American architect, and has been called the
"father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism .
He is considered by many as the creator of the modern

skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the

Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright.

Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and Frank Lloyd

Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of

American architecture".

Dankmar Adler (1844, in Germany 1900, in Chicago,

Illinois, U.S.)
After he began his own firm, Adler hired Louis Sullivan as a

draughtsman and designer. in 1880; Sullivan was made a partner in

the firm in 1883

Sullivan
Sullivan provided his building with a firm visual base,

treated the intermediate office floors as a unit, and

crowned the whole with a bold cornice

The decorative ornamentation devised by Sullivan and

used on some of his office buildings is based on floral

motifs but organized in a manner closely resembling the
Irish interlace of the early Middle Ages

Sullivan designed with the principles of reconciling the

world of nature with science and technology

The top level houses mechanical

devices such as elevator engines and
water tanks. Its appearance proclaims
its difference in function from the rest
of the building.
A succession of workers offices fill
the upper stories and are modular and
repetitive in appearance.
Street level spaces for shops, banks,
and public commerce.

 His buildings were detailed with lush, yet tastefully

subdued organic ornamentation.

His attempt to balance ornamentation into the whole of
building design inspired a generation of American and
European architects;
the idea that ornamentation be integral to the building
itself, rather than merely applied.
He created a personal style that had few imitators or
followers
Sullivan is one of the few human beings to whom Frank
Lloyd Wright publicly acknowledged a debt of influence in
his career.

Auditorium building 1889

Wainwright Building is among the first skyscrapers in the world. It

was designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan in the Palazzo
style and built between 1890 and 1891.

With the Wainwright Building

Sullivan solved the
problem of how to design the
newly developed skyscraper; by
treating the structure as a
classical column: the lower two
floors form the base; floors three to
nine a fluted shaft; and the
ornate frieze and cornice on top
form a capital

 Required function=need of light at ground floor (skylighted ground

floor)
Solution in terms of form= atrium therefore creating a u-shaped form
for plan

Plan provides an outer exposure for all offices.

 Window spandrels set back in a deeper relief plane

each storey carries a different brick ornamentation on spandrel

10th storey surrounded by foliage

frieze of the roof
- circular windows centre of each
leaf tendril
Ornamental elementsDecorated spandrels around windows
and doors.

The Guaranty Building,

which is now called the
Prudential Building,
built in Buffalo, New York
In 1894