JWG-B2/B4/C1.

17

Impacts of HVDC Lines on the Economics of HVDC Projects

From Jos Antonio Jardini, Joo Felix Nolasco
on behalf of CIGRE JWG-B2.17/B4/C1.17
Joo Francisco Nolasco, JWG Convenor (Brazil); Jos Antonio Jardini, TF Convenor
(Brazil); John Francis Graham, Secretary (Brazil)
Regular members:
Joo F. Nolasco (Brazil); John F. Graham (Brazil); Jos A. Jardini (Brazil); Carlos A.O.
Peixoto (Brazil); Carlos Gama (Brazil; Luis C. Bertola (Argentina); Mario Masuda (Brazil);
Rogrio P. Guimares (Brazil); Jos I. Gomes (Brazil); P. Sarma Maruvada (Canada);
Diarmid Loudon (Norway); Gnter Bruske (Germany); Hans-Peter Oswald (Germany); Alf
Persson (Sweden); Walter Flassbeck (Germany)
Corresponding members:
Kees Koreman (Netherlands); Tim Wu (USA); Dzevad Muftig (South Africa); Bernard Dalle
(France); Pat Naidoo (Zaire); Jos Henrique M. Fernandes (Brazil); Jutta Hanson
(Germany); Riaz Amod Vajeth (Germany); Angus Ketley (Australia)
Reviewers: Rob Stephen (South Africa); Elias Ghannoun (Canada); Samuel
NguefeuGabriel Olguin (Chile) (France)

Overview and Configurations Studied

Configurations

Table 1 Transmission line configuration capacities

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

System Configuration
Id

Pd

Ud

Figure 1.a Ground Return

Figure 1.b Metallic Return

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Table 2 Cases studied

Bipole

750 MW

750 km

1,500 km

1,500 MW

3,000 MW

6,000 MW

300 kV

500 kV

600 kV

500 kV

600 kV

600 kV

800 kV

300 kV

500 kV

300 kV

500kV

500 kV

800 kV
3,000 km

500 kV

600 kV

600 kV

800 kV

800 kV

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Table 3 Converter configurations studied

10

11

12

Bipolar
(MW)

750

750

750

750

1,500

1,500

3,000

3,000

3,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

Rating
(kV)

300

300

300

500

300

500

500

600

800

600

800

800

Conv/
pole

VSC

1x6
pulse

2
parallel

2 series

2
parallel

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

One per pole - 3,000 MW

Two Series - 6,000 MW

Two Parallel - 6,000 MW

Figure 2. Basic converter station configurations

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Transmission Line Considerations

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

TOPICS
Overvoltages
Insulation Coordination
Corona Effects and Fields

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Overvoltages

Switching Surge
Operating Voltage
Lightning

Switching Surge Related to (L-C) oscillations

Energization
Reclosing
Fault Clearing
Load Rejection
Resonances
All above are important in the AC side of the
stations (limitted by surge arrester)
DC side control ramp up and ramp down (no
overvoltages)
Fault Application (the only one to be considered)

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Modeling

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Fault at mid point of the line

overvoltage profile

base case

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Insulation Coordination
Operating Voltage
Switching Surge
Lightning Surge

Insulator String
Clearances to (tower, Guy wires, Cross arm, ground, objects at
ground)

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Contamination Severity
HVDC

leakage distance cm/kV

very light

light

moderate

heavy

2 - 2.5

2.5 3.2

3.2 4

4-7

HVAC IEC71-1

cm/kV(ph-ph rms)

light

medium

heavy

very heavy

1.6

2.0

2.5

3.1

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Operating
Voltage (kV)

Creepage distance
30mm/kV
Insulators
Number

String
Length (m)
(*)

300

18

3,22

500

30

5,20

600

36

6,20

800

48

8,17

Operating Voltage Clearances

Table 4: Clearances for operating voltages (m).

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Swing Angle to be used together with Operating Voltage

Clearances
Conductor code

MCM

Aluminum
mm2

Swing Angle ()

Joree

2,515

1274.35

44.5

Thrasher

2,312

1171.49

45.6

Kiwi

2,167

1098.02

46.9

2,034

2,034

1030.63

47.7

Chukar

1,780

901.93

47.5

Lapwing

1,590

805.65

49.5

Bobolink

1,431

725.09

50.7

Dipper

1,351.5

684.80

51.4

Bittern

1,272

644.52

52.0

Bluejay

1,113

563.93

53.4

Rail

954

483.39

55.0

Tern

795

402.83

56.7

1MCM=0.5067 mm2

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Insulation Coordination for Switching Surge

V50= k 500 d 0,6
V50 is the insulation critical flashover (50% probability) in kV
d is the gap distance in m
k is the gap factor:
K= 1,15 conductor-plane
K= 1,30 conductorstructure under
K= 1,35 conductorstructure (lateral or above)
K= 1,4 conductor-guy wires
K= 1,50 conductorcross arms (with insulator string)

V 50 K

3400
8
1
d

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Figure 4. Conductor to tower clearances.

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Table 5 Swing angle to be used together with Switching Surge Clearances according [8]

CIGRE Brochure 48
ACSR Conductor
code

MCM

Swing Angle ()

Joree

2,515

13.4

Thrasher

2,312

13.8

Kiwi

2,167

14.3

2,034

2,034

14.6

Chukar

1,780

14.5

Lapwing

1,590

15.3

Bobolink

1,431

15.8

Dipper

1,351.5

16.1

Bittern

1,272

16.4

Bluejay

1,113

17.0

Rail

954

17.7

Tern

795

18.6

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

dmin

2R

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Pole Spacing Determination

Pole Spacing Required for Operating Voltage
DPTO = (R + dmin + (L + R) sin) 2 + w
dmin : operating voltage clearance (m)
R: bundles radius (m)
L: insulators string length (m)
: swing angle (degree)
w: tower width (m)

I string
governed by operating voltage (OV) plus
conductor swing

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Table 6- Pole Spacing (m) for Operating Voltage

I strings
ACSR
Conductor

Cross Section
(MCM)

Pole Spacing (m)

300 kV

500 kV

600 kV

800 kV

Joree

2,515

8.2

12.5

14.6

18.8

Thrasher

2,312

8.3

12.6

14.8

19.1

Kiwi

2,167

8.4

12.8

15.0

19.3

2,034

2,034

8.5

12.9

15.1

19.5

Chukar

1,780

8.5

12.9

15.1

19.5

Lapwing

1,590

8.6

13.1

15.4

19.8

Bobolink

1,431

8.7

13.3

15.6

20.1

Dipper

1,351.5

8.8

13.4

15.7

20.2

Bittern

1,272

8.8

13.4

15.8

20.3

Bluejay

1,113

8.9

13.6

16.0

20.6

Rail

954

9.0

13.8

16.2

20.8

Tern

795

9.2

14.0

16.4

21.1

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

JWG-B2/B4/C1.17

Table 7: Swing angles

Conductor
ACSR Code

Section (MCM)

Swing Angle
(degree)

Joree

2,515

34.1

Thrasher

2,312

35.1

Kiwi

2,167

36.4

2,034

2,034

37.2

Chukar

1,780

37.0

Lapwing

1,590

39.1

Bobolink

1,431

40.4

Dipper

1,351.5

41.1

Bittern

1,272

41.9

Bluejay

1,113

43.5

Rail

954

45.4

Tern

795

47.5