2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Routing Types
Static Routing

&

Dynamic Routing

Types of routes:
1- Direct Connected Route :
- Symbol in routing table is C .
- Automatic without configuration.
-The router learn the Network IP address of its direct
connected networks.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-2

Static Routing
2- Static Route :
- Symbol in routing table is S .
- Manually configured.
- To define certain output interface that data can go through to
reach a certain destination.
ABC(config)# ip route dest net ip subnet mask output int
Or
ABC (config)# ip route dest net ip subnet mask next hop ip

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-3

Default Routing
3- Default Route :
-Symbol in routing table is S* .
-Manually configured.
-Used in stub networks.
- Called ( Gateway of last resort )
- To define certain output interface that data can go through to
reach any unknown destination.
ABC(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 output int
Or
ABC(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next hop ip
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-4

Display Routing Table

ABC # show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP,
B - BGP, D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF,
* -candidate default, o - ODR
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.11.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
S 192.168.12.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
S 192.168.13.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.11.2
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial1

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-5

Dynamic Routing
Interior Gateway Protocol ( IGP ):
Handles routing within same Autonomous System ( AS ) .
EX: Distance Vector ( RIP , IGRP ).
Link State ( OSPF , IS-IS )
Hybrid ( EIGRP )
Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ):
Handles routing between different Autonomous System ( AS ).
EX: BGP ( Border Gateway Protocol )

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-6

Routing Terminology
Autonomous System (AS):
Area or domain that works under single administrative control
and using same routing protocol.
Metric:
Define how good the route is .
( Hop count , Bandwidth , Delay, . )
Administrative Distance (AD):
Number between 0 & 255 that indicate the believability of the
routing protocol (Priority) .
C 0
S 0,1
S* 255
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-7

Distance Vector Routing protocol

Each time interval , every router will send full routing table
updates to all its interfaces.
This update will have source ip ( outgoing Router interface ) &
destination ip ( 255.255.255.255 ).
Convergence :
It is the state at which the router learn the current topology of
the network.
Distance Vector Disadvantages ( Problems )
1- Slow Convergence.
2- High Bandwidth waste ( periodic update ).
3- Classfull Protocol ( Routing update doesnt include
Subnet Mask )
4- Routing Loops.
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-8

Distance Vector Routing protocol

To solve Routing loops :
1- Split Horizon :
Route learn from interface cant be advertised back out the
same interface.
2- Route Poisoning :
Instead of not advertising the failed route , still advertise it. But
with very large metric that other routers consider the metric
infinite and the route is invalid.
3- Hold down Timer :
All routers ignore good routing information about the failed
route until enough time is passes.
4- Flash ( Triggered ) Update :
The router advertise a new update as soon as a route change
( up or down ).
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-9

Distance Vector Routing protocol

Routing Information Protocol ( RIP )
Updates every 30 Sec.
Hold down timer 180 Sec.
Metric = Hop Count.
Symbol in routing table is R .
Max Hop count = 15
( Infinite Metric value = 16 )
Administrative Distance = 120.
Support equal-load sharing ( Default = 4 & Max = 6 )
RIP V1
Classfull protocol.
RIP V2
Classless protocol.
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Broadcast Updates ( 255.255.255.255 ).

Multicast Updates ( 224.0.0.9 )
ICND 2.00-10

Distance Vector Routing protocol

RIP Configuration
ABC(config)# router rip
ABC(config-router)# network direct connected net IP
RIP Troubleshooting
ABC# show ip route
ABC# show ip protocols
ABC# debug ip rip
To see debug output on the telnet there is additional command:
Silicon# terminal monitor
To stop debug output :
Silicon# u all
( Undebug all )
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-11

Link State Routing protocol

I. Point-to-Point Topology :
A- at startup:
1. Each router will send hello packet to all its interfaces to
discover its direct connected neighbors.
2. Each router will send LSA ( Link State Advertisement ) to all
its neighbors, telling them about its LSAs.
3. Every router receive LSA packet will take copy of it and
send it as it is to its neighbors.
4. Each router will form a LSDB ( Link State Data Base ) for
all LSAs.
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-12

Link State Routing protocol

5. Each router will draw a link state tree & put itself as the root
of the tree.
6. Each router will apply SPF ( Shortest Path First ) algorithm
to get the routing table.
B- at Change:
A partial flash Update will be send to neighbors ( all network ).

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-13

Link State Routing protocol

Open Shortest Path First ( OSPF )

Standard Protocol.

Classless Protocol.

Loop free topology.

Symbol in routing table is O .

Send packets on multicast address ( 224.0.0.5 ).

Administrative Distance = 110.

Metric = Cost = 100 000 000 / Bandwidth.

Hop count is unlimited ( Support hierarchical design ).

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-14

Link State Routing protocol

Problem :
- Flapping interface go up & down frequently , all routers
will be busy for rebuilding the tree.
-

So , to confine the network instability , OSPF support two

hierarchical level :

1- Backbone Area : Area 0 .

2- Regular Area : Area 1 4,294,967,295.
- Multiple OSPF area must be connected to Area 0.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-15

Link State Routing protocol

Hello Protocol :
-

Hello interval every 10 Sec.

Dead interval every 40 Sec.

For routers to be neighbors:

Must have the same :
1- Area ID.
2- Hello & Dead Interval.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-16

Link State Routing protocol

OSPF Configuration
ABC(config)# router ospf processID
ABC(config-router)# network DirectConnectedNetIP
wildCardMask area 0
Process ID:
Locally Significant ( 1 65535 )
It is used to identify a unique instance of an OSPF database.
Wild Card Mask:
Inverted Subnet Mask.
Continuous of 0s followed by continuous of 1s.
Wild card mask = 255 - ( Subnet mask ).
2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-17

Link State Routing protocol

OSPF Troubleshooting
ABC# show ip route
ABC# show ip protocols
ABC# show ip ospf neighbors
ABC# show ip ospf interfaces
ABC# debug ip ospf packets

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-18

Hybrid Routing protocol

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ( EIGRP )

Cisco proprietary protocol.

Classless protocol.

Send packets on multicast address ( 224.0.0.10).

Administrative Distance = 90.

Fast Convergence : use DUAL .

Symbol in routing table is D .

Metric = Bandwidth & Delay.

Support equal & non-equal load sharing (Def.= 4 & Max.= 6).

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-19

Hybrid Routing protocol

Diffusion Update ALgorithm ( DUAL )

This algorithm stores a neighbors routing information in a

local Topology Table.
If a primary route in the Routing Table fails, DUAL can take a
backup path from the Topology Table and place it in the
Routing Table.
If no backup route is found in the Topology Table, it will
generate a query packet sent to the neighbors.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-20

Hybrid Routing protocol

EIGRP Terminology

Neighbor Table: Table Contain all neighbors.

Topology Table : All routes to all networks.

Routing Table: Best routes to all networks.

Successor (S): Best Route.

Feasible Successor (FS): Backup Route.

Successor stored in the Routing Table & Topology Table.

Feasible Successor stored in the Topology Table only.

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-21

Hybrid Routing protocol

EIGRP Configuration
ABC(config)# router eigrp AS#
ABC(config-router)# network direct connected net IP
AS# : Autonomous System Number ( 1 65535 )
EIGRP Troubleshooting
ABC# show ip route
ABC# show ip protocols
ABC# show ip eigrp neighbor

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND 2.00-22