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Introduction
Generalconcepts
Satellitecharacteristics
Systemcomponents
Orbits
Powersources
Communications
Frequencies
Pathlosses
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 1
Text
Text
Satellite Communications, Second Edition, T.
Pratt, C. Bostian, and J. Allnut, John Wilen &
Sons, 2003.
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 2
Lect 01 - 3
General Concepts
Satellite is in (earth) orbit
Special orbits have particularly useful properties
Carries its own source of power
Lect 01 - 4
SatelliteCommunications
Advantages
Disadvantages
What is involved
Why use space
Frequency spectrum
Satellite components and systems
System design considerations
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 5
Advantages of Satellites
High channel capacity (>100 Mb/s)
Low error rates (Pe ~ 10-6)
Stable cost environment (no long-distance
cables or national boundaries)
Wide area coverage (whole North America,
for instance)
Coverage can be shaped by antenna patterns
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 6
Disadvantages of Satellites
Expensive to launch
Expensive ground stations required
Cannot be maintained
Limited frequency spectrum
Limited orbital space (geosynchronous)
Constant ground monitoring required for
positioning and operational control
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 7
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 8
Satellite Characteristics
Orbital parameters
Height (velocity & period related to this)
Orientation (determined by application)
Location (especially for geostationary orbits)
Power sources
Principally solar power
Stored gas/ion sources for position adjustment
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 9
Satellite Characteristics
Orbiting platforms for data gathering and
communications position holding/tracking
VHF, UHF, and microwave radiation used for
communications with Ground Station(s)
Signal path losses - power limitations
Systems difficult to repair and maintain
Sensitive political environment, with competing
interests and relatively limited preferred space
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 10
Application Examples
1/13/09
Telecommunications
Military communications
Navigation systems
Remote sensing and surveillance
Radio / Television Broadcasting
Astronomical research
Weather observation
2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III
Lect 01 - 11
Orbits
Have particular advantages and
disadvantages
Are determined by satellite mission
Obey Kepplers Laws
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 12
Types of Orbit
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Lect 00 - 13
Lect 01 - 14
Lect 01 - 15
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 16
Appearsfixedoverpointonearthequator
Eachsatellitecancover120degreeslatitude
OrbitalRadius=42,164.17km
EarthRadius=6,378.137km(avg)
Period(SiderealDay)=23.9344696hr
(86164.090530833seconds)
Longsignalpathlargepathlosses
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 17
Orbital Features
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 18
Inclined
Various inclination angles, including polar
Geostationary
Sun synchronous
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 19
Earth Coverage
BytheLawofSines:
rs
d
sin( ) sin( )
and,
90
Theelevationangleisapproximately,
cos( ) rs sin( ) / d
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 20
Ref:
http://www.cdeagle.com/ommatlab/coverage.pdf
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 21
System Components
Satellite(s)
Ground station(s)
Computer systems
Information network
4/11/2014
Lect 01 - 22
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 23
Satellite Components
Receiving antenna
Receiver (uplink)
Processing (decode, security, encode, other)
Transmitter (downlink)
Transmitting antenna (beam shaping)
Possible (de)multiplexing (for rotating satellites)
Power and environmental control systems
Attitude control
Possible position holding (geosynchronous)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 24
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 25
01/10/17
Lect 03 - 26
Lect 01 - 27
Solar Panels
Type: GaAs/Ge
Voltage: 53.1Volts
Power: 1940Watts
(EffectiveLoad+
SourceResistance:
1.45341)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 28
Solar Power
Poweravailableinorbit:~1400wattsof
sunlightpersquaremeter
Conversionefficiency:~25%
Usefulpower:~350Watts/squaremeter
Panelsteeringrequiredformaximumpower
Typicalpowerlevels:275kW
Photocelloutputdegradesovertime
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 29
Communications Links
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 30
Bandwidth/Spectrum
Frequency band: range of frequencies
Bandwidth: size or width (in Hertz) of a
frequency band
Channel capacity increases with bandwidth
(see next slide Slide 29)
Electromagnetic spectrum: all frequencies
(DC to light see Slide 30)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 31
Cnannel Capacity
Shannon (BSTJ, Vol. 27,1938)
The capacity C [bits/s] of a channel with
bandwidth W, and signal/noise power ratio
S/N is
S
C W log 2 1
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 32
Lect 01 - 33
Lect 00 - 34
Millimeter Waves
Planck space exploration satellite
Planck is a flagship mission of the European Space Agency (Esa).
It was launched in May 2009 and moved to an observing position
more than a million km from Earth on its "night side".It carries
two instruments that observe the sky across nine frequency bands.
The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) operates between 100 and
857 GHz (wavelengths of 3mm to 0.35mm), and the Low
Frequency Instrument (LFI) operates between 30 and 70 GHz
(wavelengths of 10mm to 4mm).
Lect 01 - 35
Communications Channel
Microwave energy at frequency, f (Hertz)
Moves at velocity, v [m/s]
With wavelength (distance between peak
intensities), [m]
Formula: =v/f(v=cforspace)Note:
Thespeedoflight,c,inavacuum(space)is
fixedat,c=299792458[m/s]
v f
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 36
Microwaves
Frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz.
- Line of sight propagation (space and atmosphere).
- Blockage by dense media (hills, buildings, rain)
- Wide bandwidths compared to lower frequency bands.
- Compact antennas, directionality possible.
-Reduced efficiency of generation
1 GHz to 170 GHZ spectrum divided into bands with letter
designations (see next slide)
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 37
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wikipedia
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 38
Wikipedia
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 39
Cband
3.74.2GHz(Downlink)
5.9256.425GHz(Uplink)
Kuband
11.712.2GHz(Downlink)
1414.5GHz(Uplink)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 40
Vband
4075GHz
60GHzallocatedforunlicensed(WiFi)use
70, 80, and 90 GHz for other wireless
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 41
Wavelength/Antenna Constraints
Maximal antenna sizes push satellite radio
wavelengths below 2m.
Requirements for antenna gain, due to
communication path losses, reduce the
practical wavelengths to below 20cm.
(Diameter, d, of many wavelengths, )
Dish-Antenna Power Gain = (d/2
(where is antenna efficiency)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 42
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 43
Lect 01 - 44
C-Band
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 45
C-Band
Frequencies: 3.7 - 6.425 GHz ( ~5cm)
Uses:
TV reception (motels)
IEEE-802.11 WiFi
VSAT
Features:
Large dish antenna needed (3m diameter)
Low rain fade - Low atmospheric atten. (long paths)
Low power - terrestrial microwave interferences
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 46
Ku-Band
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 47
Ku-Band
Frequencies: 12 - 18 GHz ( ~ 2cm)
Uses:
Remote TV broadcasting
Satellite communications
VSAT
Features:
Rain, snow, ice (on dish) susceptibility
Small antenna size - high antenna gain
High power allowed
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 48
Ka-Band
Frequencies: 18 - 40 GHz (~ 1cm)
Uses:
High-resolution radar
Communications systems
Deep space communications
Features:
Obstacles interfere
Atmospheric absorption
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 49
V-Band
Frequencies:40to75GHz.(~5mm)
Uses:
Millimeterwaveradarresearch(expensive!)
Highcapacitymillimeterwavecommunications
Pointtopointfixedwirelesssystems(WiFi)
Features:
1/13/09
Rainfade
Obstaclesblockpath
Atmosphericabsorption
Expensiveequipment
2010 Raymond P. Jefferis III
Lect 01 - 50
Path Loss
Losses increase with frequency
Long path lengths (dispersion with
distance)
( Path lengths can be over 42,000 km )
Atmospheric absorption
Rain, snow, ice, & cloud attenuation
Atmospheric noise effects that increase the
Bit Error Rate (BER)
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 51
SatelliteCommunications
Lect 06 - 52
Lect 04 - 53
Lect 01 - 54
Lect 01 - 55
01/10/17
Lect 05 - 56
Atmospheric Attenuation
O2
53.5
65.2GHz
H2O
22.2GHz
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Lect 01 - 57
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 58
1/13/09
Lect 00 - 59
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
TheMathematicanotebookfollows,forD/=10:
01/10/17
Lect 04 - 60
System Example
IntelsatGALAXY11at91W(NORAD26038)
39.1dBWonCBand(20W,24ch,Bw:36MHz)
5945(+n*20MHz)MHzUplink
3720(+n*20MHz)MHzDownlink
47.8dBWonKuBand(75/140W,40ch,Bw:36MHz)
14020(+n*20MHz)MHzUplink
11720(+n*20MHz)MHzDownlink
PowerSupply:10kW(Xenonionpropulsionneeds)
Polarization:v(odd),h(even)Downlinkopposite
01/10/17
Lect 02 - 61
91W
Solar, 10.4 KW
2.4m
1.8m
20W each
75W (data)
140W (TV video)
Lect 01 - 62
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Lect 01 - 63
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Lect 01 - 64
Conclusions
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 65
End
1/13/09
Lect 01 - 66