DICTATORSHIP AND

MILITARY
ADVENTURISM
PREPARED BY:
LALAINE CASTILLO-CADUSALE
MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

What is Dictatorship?
Dictatorshipis aform of governmentwhere a country (or group of countries) is
ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanisms
to ensure the entity's power remains strong.
A dictatorship is a type ofauthoritarianism, in which politicians regulate nearly
every aspect of the public and private behavior of citizens. Dictatorships and
totalitarianism generally employ political propaganda to decrease the influence of
proponents of alternative governing systems, as is the nature of nationalism of any
governing system.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, traditionalmonarchiesgradually declined and
disappeared. Dictatorship andconstitutional democracy emerged as the world's two
majorforms of government.

Dictatorship Classification
Military dictatorship - "arbitrator" and "ruler" types may be distinguished; arbitrator
regimes are professional, civilian-oriented, willing to give up power once problems
have been resolved, and support the existing social order; "ruler" types view
civilians as incompetent and have no intention of returning power to them, are
politically organized, and have a coherent ideology.
Civil-military dictatorship - an example is theCivic-military dictatorship of Uruguay.
One-party state - "weak" and "strong" versions may be distinguished; in weak oneparty states, "at least one other actor eclipses the role of the party (like a single
individual, the military, or the president)."Joseph Stalinera inSoviet
Union[26]andMao Zedongera inChinacan be given as example.
Hybrid - some combination of the types above.

Origins of Power
Family dictatorship- inheriting power through family ties
Military dictatorship- through military force orcoup d'etat. In Latin America,
military dictatorships were often ruled by committees known asmilitary juntas.
Constitutional dictatorship- dictatorial powers provided for by constitutional means
(often as a provision in case of emergency)
Self-coup- by suspending existing democratic mechanisms after attaining office by
constitutional means.

Types of Dictatorship
Stable dictatorship
Astable dictatorshipis a dictatorship that is able to remain in power for long periods. The
stable dictatorship theory concerning theSoviet Unionheld that after the succession crisis
followingJoseph Stalin's death, the victorious leader assumed the status of a Stalinist dictator
without Stalin'sterror apparatus.Chileand Paraguaywere considered to be stable
dictatorships in the 1970s.
It has been argued that stable dictatorships behave differently than unstable dictatorships.
For instance, Maria Brouwer opines that "expansionarypolicies can fail and undermine the
authority of the leader. Stable dictators, would therefore, be inclined to refrain frommilitary
aggression. This applies toimperial China,ByzantiumandJapan, which refrained from
expanding their empire at some point in time. Emerging dictators, by contrast, want to win
the peoples support by promising them riches from appropriating domestic or foreign wealth.
They have not much to lose from failure, whereas success could elevate them to positions of
wealth and power."

Types of Dictatorship
Benevolent dictatorship
Abenevolent dictatorshipis a theoretical form ofgovernmentin which
anauthoritarianleader exercises absolute political power over the state but is seen to
do so for the benefit of the population as a whole. A benevolent dictator may allow for
someeconomic liberalizationordemocratic decision-makingto exist, such as through
publicreferendaor elected representatives with limited power. It might be seen as a
republican form ofenlightened despotism.
The label has been applied to leaders such asMustafa Kemal Atatrk(Turkey), Josip
Broz Tito(Yugoslavia), Lee Kuan Yew(Singapore), Abdullah II of Jordan,Paul
Kagame(Rwanda), andQaboos bin Said al Said(Oman).

Types of Dictatorship
Elective dictatorship
An"elective dictatorship"(also calledexecutive dominanceinpolitical science) is a
phrase popularised by the formerLord Chancellorof the United Kingdom, Lord Hailsham, in a
Richard Dimbleby Lecture at the BBC in 1976. The phrase is found a century earlier, in
describingGiuseppe Garibaldi's doctrines, and was used by Hailsham (then known as Quintin
Hogg) in lectures in 1968 and 1969. It describes the state in whichParliamentis dominated by
the government of the day.
It refers to the fact that the legislative programme of Parliament is determined by the
government, and government bills virtually always pass theHouse of Commonsbecause of the
nature of the majoritarianfirst-past-the-postelectoral system, which almost always produces
strong government, in combination with the imposition ofparty disciplineon the governing
party's majority, which almost always ensures loyalty. In the absence of a codified constitution,
this tendency toward executive dominance is compounded by theParliament Actsand
Salisbury Convention which circumscribe theHouse of Lordsand their ability to block
government initiatives.

Types of Dictatorship
Fascism dictatorship
Fascismis a form of radicalauthoritariannationalism that came to prominence in early 20thcentury Europe, influenced bynational syndicalism. Fascismoriginated inItalyduringWorld
War Iandspread to other European countries. Fascism
opposesliberalism,Marxismandanarchismand is usually placed on thefar-rightwithin the
traditionalleftright spectrum.
Fascists sawWorld War Ias arevolutionthat brought massive changes in the nature of war,
society, the state, and technology. The advent oftotal warand total mass mobilization of
society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military
citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during
the war.The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of
people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support
them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.

Types of Dictatorship
Stalinism dictatorship
Stalinismis the means of governing and related policies implemented byJoseph Stalin.
Stalinist policies in theSoviet Unionincludedstate terror, rapidindustrialization, the theory
ofsocialism in one country, acentralized state, collectivization of agriculture,cult of
personalityin leadership, and subordination of interests of foreign communist parties to
those of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Uniondeemed by Stalinism to be the most
forefrontvanguard partyof communist revolution at the time.

What is Military
Adventurism?
It is a Republican euphemism for starting a war of aggression, the "supreme war
crime.
A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict
waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and
subjugation. The phrase is distinctly modern and diametrically opposed to the prior
legal international standard of "might makes right", under the medieval and prehistoric beliefs of right of conquest. Since the Korean War of the early 1950s,
waging such a war of aggression is a crime under the customary international law.
Possibly the first trial for waging aggressive war is that of the Sicilian king Conradin
in 1268.

A Continuing Saga of Military

Adventurism in the Philippines
February 1986
People heed the call of Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin, and stream into Edsa to
protect Defense secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and Philippine Constabulary Chief Fidel
Ramos who are holed up in Camps Crame and Aguinaldo. The Edsa revolution aborts a
coup planned by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) against dictator
Ferdinand Marcos.
July 1986
Thousands of Marcos supporters, including 300 soldiers, seize the Manila Hotel and
declare the formation of a rebel government. President Corazon Aquino quashes the
revolt after 38 hours. The mutineers were given 20 push-ups as punishment.
November 1986
RAM forces attempt to ease Aquino out of power through a campaign of assassinations
and a takeover of the Marcos-era parliament.

A Continuing Saga of Military

Adventurism in the Philippines
January 1987
Five hundred pro-Marcos soldiers attempt to take over four military camps and the private
Channel 7 television station. 150 soldiers occupy the latter for three days before surrendering.
The event later becomes known as the Channel 7 incident.

April 1987
Thirteen armed enlisted men crash through the gates of Fort Bonifacio. They free 42 imprisoned
soldiers and hold 120 people, including four colonels, hostage. One rebel sergeant is killed and
four others are wounded in the ensuing firefight. The mutineers surrender after eight hours.
Dubbed the Black Saturday Incident, what happened was more of an attempted jailbreak than a
mutiny.

August 1987
Rebel officers, led by charismatic Colonel Gregorio Gringo Honasan, occupy army headquarters
as part of an attempted military coup. Fifty-three people are killed and 358 are wounded before
the rebels are defeated after 18 hours.

A Continuing Saga of Military

Adventurism in the Philippines
December 1989
About 6,000 troops seize three military bases and two television stations in Manila, close the
airport and bomb Malacaang. U.S. President George Bush backs Aquino and American F-4
Phantom jets launch intimidation flights over the capital to help end the week-long mutiny.
January 2001
Defense Secretary Orlando Mercado, armed forces chief General Angelo Reyes and top
military and police officers withdraw support from disgraced president Joseph Estrada and
help install his vice president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, to power in a church-backed popular
uprising calledEdsa Dos.
July 2003
About 300 junior officers calling themselves the Magdalo seize control of the Oakwood luxury
apartment in Makati in a one-day mutiny. They surrender without a shot being fired.

A Continuing Saga of Military

Adventurism in the Philippines
February 2006
On the 20th anniversary of the first People Power revolution, troops loyal to Arroyo announce
that they havethwartedan attempt by rogue soldiers to withdraw support from the
government. Astate of national emergencyis declared, followed by amutinyof the Marines
at Fort Bonifacio.
November 29, 2007
Senator Antonio Trillanes IV and Brigadier General Danilo Lim walk out of their court hearing
on the failed 2003 mutiny along with about two dozen Magdalo soldiers. They hole up in the
posh Manila Peninsula Hotel in Makati and call for the overthrow of the President. After asixhour standoff, they walk out of the hotel in order to avoid casualties. Media covering the
event are alsoarrestedand a five-hourcurfewis imposed.

ENERGY CRISIS

What is Energy Crisis?

The energy crisis is the concern that the worlds demands on the limited natural
resources that are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand
rises. These natural resources are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it
can take hundreds of thousands of years to replenish the stores. Governments and
concerned individuals are working to make the use of renewable resources a
priority, and to lessen the irresponsible use of natural supplies through increased
conservation.
The energy crisis is a broad and complex topic. Most people dont feel connected to
its reality unless the price of gas at the pump goes up or there are lines at the gas
station. The energy crisis is something that is ongoing and getting worse, despite
many efforts. The reason for this is that there is not a broad understanding of the
complex causes and solutions for the energy crisis that will allow for an effort to
happen that will resolve it.

Causes of Energy Crisis

1. Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our
natural resources, not just one. There is a strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and
coal due to overconsumption which then in turn can put a strain on our water and
oxygen resources by causing pollution.
2. Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis has been the steady
increase in the worlds population and its demands for fuel and products. No matter
what type of food or products you choose to use from fair trade and organic to
those made from petroleum products in a sweatshop not one of them is made or
transported without a significant drain on our energy resources.
3. Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure of power generating equipment is yet
another reason for energy shortage. Most of the energy producing firms keep on
using outdated equipment that restricts the production of energy. It is the
responsibility of utilities to keep on upgrading the infrastructure and set a high
standard of performance.

 4. Unexplored Renewable Energy Options: Renewable energy still remains unused in

most of the countries. Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still
remains the top choice to produce energy. Unless we give renewable energy a serious
thought, the problem of energy crisis cannot be solved. Renewable energy sources can reduce
our dependance on fossil fuels and also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants: In few countries, there is a significant delay
in commissioning of new power plants that can fill the gap between demand and supply of
energy. The result is that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand for
power. When supply doesnt matches demand, it results in load shedding and breakdown.
6. Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world, people do not realize the importance of
conserving energy. It is only limited to books, internet, newspaper ads, lip service and
seminars. Unless we give it a serious thought, things are not going to change anytime sooner.
7. Poor Distribution System: Frequent tripping and breakdown are result of a poor
distribution system.
8. Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Major accidents like pipeline burst and
natural calamities like eruption of volcanoes, floods, earthquakes can also cause interruptions
to energy supplies. The huge gap between supply and demand of energy can raise the price
of essential items which can give rise to inflation.

 9. Wars and Attacks: Wars between countries can also hamper supply of energy
specially if it happens in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait,
UAE or Qatar. Thats what happened during 1990 Gulf war when price of oil reached
its peak causing global shortages and created major problem for energy consumers.
10. Miscellaneous Factors: Tax hikes, strikes, military coup, political events,
severe hot summers or cold winters can cause sudden increase in demand of
energy and can choke supply. A strike by unions in an oil producing firm can
definitely cause an energy crisis.

Possible Solutions of the

Energy Crisis
Move Towards Renewable Resources: The best possible solution is to reduce
the worlds dependence on non-renewable resources and to improve overall
conservation efforts. Much of the industrial age was created using fossil fuels, but
there is also known technology that uses other types of renewable energies such
as steam, solar and wind. The major concern isnt so much that we will run out of
gas or oil, but that the use of coal is going to continue to pollute the atmosphere
and destroy other natural resources in the process of mining the coal that it has to
be replaced as an energy source. This isnt easy as many of the leading industries
use coal, not gas or oil, as their primary source of power for manufacturing.
Buy Energy Efficient products: Replace traditional bulbs with CFLs and LEDs.
They use less watts of electricity and last longer. If millions of people across the
globe use LEDs and CFLs for residential and commercial purposes, the demand for
energy can go down and an energy crisis can be averted.

 Lighting Controls: There are a number of new technologies out there that make
lighting controls that much more interesting and they help to save a lot of energy
and cash in the long run. Preset lighting controls, slide lighting, touch dimmers,
integrated lighting controls are few of the lighting controls that can help to
conserve energy and reduce overall lighting costs.
Easier Grid Access: People who use different options to generate power must be
given permission to plug into the grid and getting credit for power you feed into it.
The hassles of getting credit of supplying surplus power back into the grid should
be removed. Apart from that, subsidy on solar panels should be given to encourage
more people to explore renewable options.
Energy Simulation: Energy simulation software can be used by big corporates
and corporations to redesign building unit and reduce running business energy cost.
Engineers, architects and designers could use this design to come with most
energy efficient building and reduce carbon footprint.
Perform Energy Audit: Energy audit is a process that helps you to identify the
areas where your home or office is losing energy and what steps you can take to
improve energy efficiency. Energy audit when done by a professional can help you
to reduce your carbon footprint, save energy and money and avoid energy crisis.

 Common Stand on Climate Change: Both developed and developing countries

should adopt a common stand on climate change. They should focus on reducing
greenhouse gas emissions through an effective cross border mechanism. With
current population growth and over consumption of resources, the consequences of
global warming and climate change cannot be ruled out. Both developed and
developing countries must focus on emissions cuts to cut their emission levels to
half from current levels by 2050.

Energy Sources in the

Philippines
Renewable Energy Sources
Solar
Wind
Hydroelectric
Bio-mass
Geothermal
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear

REFERENCES
http://www.meister-solar.com/2015-energy-crisis-philippines-solar-energy-modelfuture/
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-solutions-to-the-global-energycrisis.php
http://www.napocor.gov.ph/index.php/infographics/energy-sources-in-the-philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship
http://pcij.org/blog/2007/11/30/a-continuing-saga-of-military-adventurism