c h a p t e r

MANAGING
SOFTWARE
ASSETS
6.1

2002 by Prentice Hall

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE
EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE &
OPERATING SYSTEMS
EXAMINE APPLICATION LANGUAGES &
SOFTWARE TOOLS
DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
IDENTIFY SOFTWARE ISSUES
*
6.2

2002 by Prentice Hall

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

WHAT IS SOFTWARE?
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS
*
6.3

2002 by Prentice Hall

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
1. INCREASING COMPLEXITY &
SOFTWARE ERRORS
2. THE APPLICATION BACKLOG
*

6.4

2002 by Prentice Hall

SOFTWARE
DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER
OPERATION
PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE
COMPUTER
STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER
RESOURCES
APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS
APPLICATION
*

6.5

2002 by Prentice Hall

SOFTWARE
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM:
SCHEDULED COMPUTER
EVENTS
ALLOCATES COMPUTER
RESOURCES MONITORS
EVENTS
LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
INTERPRETERS
COMPILERS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

UTILITY PROGRAMS:
ROUTINE
OPERATIONSMANAGE
DATA

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN;

COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++;
FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

6.6

2002 by Prentice Hall

MULTIPROGRAMMING

6.7

PROGRAM 1

UNUSED MEMORY

MULTIPROGRAMMING
ENVIRONMENT

OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEM

TRADITIONAL SINGLEPROGRAM SYSTEM

PROGRAM 1
PROGRAM 2
PROGRAM 3

UNUSED MEMORY

2002 by Prentice Hall

MULTITASKING
MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLEUSER SYSTEM SUCH AS A
MICROCOMPUTER
*

6.8

2002 by Prentice Hall

MULTITHREADING
ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT
PARTS (THREADS) OF A PROGRAM
SIMULTANEOUSLY
*

6.9

2002 by Prentice Hall

VIRTUAL STORAGE
METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS
IN PRIMARY STORAGE:
PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO
FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR
VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)

CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY

STORAGE
PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

6.10

2002 by Prentice Hall

TIME SHARING
MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:
TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2
MICROSECONDS)
EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING
SLICE
SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING
TIME SLICE
USERS JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE
*

6.11

2002 by Prentice Hall

MULTIPROCESSING
TWO OR MORE PARALLEL
PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM
PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE
PROCESSED
BY MULTIPLE CPUs
CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS
MORE RAPIDLY
*

6.12

2002 by Prentice Hall

LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS
COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL
CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE
OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED
INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR
COMPUTER
*
6.13

2002 by Prentice Hall

COMPILER

UTILITY PROGRAMS
PERFORM ROUTINE
TASKS

OBJECT CODE

LINKAGE
EDITOR

LOAD MODULE

6.14

OTHER OBJECT
CODE MODULES

TRANSLATION PROCESS

SOURCE CODE
PROGRAM

2002 by Prentice Hall

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

(GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM USES:
GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons,
bars, boxes
POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen
TO ISSUE COMMANDS
MAKE SELECTIONS
*
6.15

2002 by Prentice Hall

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEM

FEATURES

Windows
98 & 95

32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking,

networking

Windows
NT Me &
2000

32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips.

Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking

Windows CE

Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless

communication devices

OS/2

6.16

32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking,

networking

2002 by Prentice Hall

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEM

6.17

FEATURES

Unix

For powerful microcomputers, workstations,

minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user
processing, networking. Portable to various
computer platforms

Linux

Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows.

Runs on many Platforms. Open-source

Mac OS

For Macintosh computers. Multitasking.

Powerful graphics, multimedia

DOS

For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS).

Program memory: 640K

2002 by Prentice Hall

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary
code
2nd. Since early 50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:
mnemonics for numeric code
3rd. Since mid 50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
4th. Since late 70s. MODERN APPLICATION
PACKAGES
*

6.18

2002 by Prentice Hall

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator):
Scientific, Engineering applications
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented
Language): Predominant for
transaction processing
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code):
General purpose PC language
*
6.19

2002 by Prentice Hall

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
PASCAL: Used to teach structured
programming practices. Weak in file
handling, input / output
C and C++: Powerful PC Language for
developing applications. Efficient
execution; cross platform. C++ is object
oriented
*

6.20

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

(4GL)

CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS

NONPROCEDURAL
CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS
QUICKLY
NATURAL LANGUAGES
SIX CATEGORIES
*
6.21

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

1. QUERY LANGUAGES:
Rapidly retrieve data
Interactive/ on-line
May use NATURAL LANGUAGE
Support special requests for
data
from relational databases
*
6.22

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

(4GL)

2. REPORT GENERATORS:
Create customized reports
Wide range of formats
3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:
Can manipulate drawings,
photos, videos
Presentation managers
*
6.23

graphs,

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES

(4GL)
4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:
User specifies computer needs
Generator creates logic and code for
application
Greatly reduces development time
*

6.24

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES:
Professional programmer productivity tool
Uses fewer instructions
Reduces development time
*

6.25

2002 by Prentice Hall

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)

7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially
available set of programs...
WORD PROCESSING
SPREADSHEETS
DATA MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT
INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES
NOW
COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE

*
6.26

2002 by Prentice Hall

SOFTWARE TOOLS

6.27

WORD PROCESSING
SPREADSHEETS
DATA MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES
E-MAIL
WEB BROWSERS
GROUPWARE
*

2002 by Prentice Hall

GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES

6.28

GROUP WRITING & COMMENTING

ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION
SCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTS
SHARED FILES & DATABASES
SHARED TIME LINES & PLANS
ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES
*

2002 by Prentice Hall

MIDDLEWARE
SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA
*
APPLICATION A

APPLICATION
B

DATA
MIDDLE
WARE
6.29

2002 by Prentice Hall

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A
SINGLE OBJECT
PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO
PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE
OBJECTS DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST
OF SYSTEM
CREATES REUSABLE CODE
REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING
SOFTWARE
*
6.30

2002 by Prentice Hall

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE
OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE
CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL
FEATURES OF THAT CLASS
INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES
FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS
OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED
METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker pay
check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker

*
6.31

2002 by Prentice Hall

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL
FUNCTION
APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK
RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM
RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC
ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS
UPGRADE

*
6.32

2002 by Prentice Hall

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
HTML: Hypertext markup language,
current favorite for Web pages
XML: eXtensible Markup Language,
further development of HTML
describes data more fully
XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as
standard for Web
*
6.33

2002 by Prentice Hall

OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
ActiveX: Controls for Windows software
environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g.,
CHARTS
TABLES
ANIMATIONS
to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE
*
6.34

2002 by Prentice Hall

MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS

RENT OR BUILD DECISIONS

APPLICATION SERVICE
PROVIDERS
SOFTWARE
MAINTENANCE
*

6.35

2002 by Prentice Hall

SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE

6.36

APPROPRIATENESS
EFFICIENCY
COMPATIBILITY
SUPPORT
*

2002 by Prentice Hall

c h a p t e r

MANAGING
SOFTWARE
ASSETS
6.37

2002 by Prentice Hall