Gregg Reference Manual

Punctuaton:
Major Marks
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CONTENTS
PART 1. Grammar, Usage, and Style
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
SECTION 3.
SECTION 4.
SECTION 5.
SECTION 6.
SECTION 7.
SECTION 8.
SECTION 9.
SECTION 10.
SECTION 11.
Punctuation: Major Marks

Punctuation: Other Marks
Capitalization
Numbers
Abbreviations
Plurals and Possessives
Spelling
Compound Words
Word Division
Grammar
Usage
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THE PERIOD
101a. Use a period to mark the end of a
sentence that makes a statement or
expresses a command.
Statement: I question the need to merge
the two companies.
Command: Make sure that the doors
open at 10 a.m.
Slide 1-1

space bar to advance the presentation.
THE QUESTION MARK

110a. Use a question mark at the end of
a direct question.
104. Use a period at the end of an
indirect question.
Direct question: Why is the policy being
changed?
Indirect question: I would like to know
why the policy is being changed.
Slide 1-2

THE EXCLAMATION POINT

119a. Use an exclamation point at the
end of a sentence to express enthusiasm
or some other strong feeling.
Exclamation: Your article about the
Internet was the best Ive ever read!
Slide 1-3

THE PERIOD AND THE

QUESTION MARK
103. Use a question mark at the end
of a sentence that asks a favor. Use
a period at the end of a sentence
that expresses a polite command.
Favor: Will you please let me borrow
your Corvette?
Polite command: Will you please let me
know whether you plan to stay overnight.
Slide 1-4

THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK,

AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT
101b, 111, 119a. Use a period, a
question mark, or an exclamation point
(as appropriate) at the end of an elliptical
expressiona word or phrase that
represents a complete sentence.
When am I leaving? In a week or so.
I heard that youre resigning. Why?
What a great job! Congratulations!
Slide 1-5

THE PERIOD
107a. Use periods after elements
displayed on separate lines in a list when
they are long or are essential to the
grammatical completeness of the
statement that introduces the list.
This software will help you to:
1. Maintain your checkbook.
2. Prepare a realistic monthly budget.
3. Monitor your monthly expenses.
Slide 1-6

THE PERIOD
107b. No periods are needed after
elements in a list if the introductory
statement is grammatically complete.
We can provide the following kinds of
software:
Customer information systems
Product information systems
Decision support systems
Slide 1-7

THE PERIOD
102a. As a general rule, use one space
after the period or any other mark at
the end of a sentence, but switch to two
spaces whenever a stronger visual
break between sentences is needed.
One space after the period: Lets meet
on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Two spaces after the period: Lets meet
on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
Slide 1-8

THE PERIOD
102e. When an abbreviation ends one
sentence and begins the next, the use of
one space after the period that ends the
sentence may be inadequate. Use two
spaces for a stronger visual break.
One space after the period: Lunch begins
at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Two spaces after the period: Lunch begins
at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
Slide 1-9

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122. Use commas to set off nonessential
expressionswords, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the
meaning or the structure of a sentence.
Nonessential: Lets ask Muriel Spock, who is
familiar with this type of transaction.
Essential: Lets ask someone who is familiar
with this type of transaction.
Slide 1-10

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122. Use commas to set off nonessential
expressionswords, phrases, and clauses
that are not needed to complete the
643,346,Slide 346
meaning or the structure of a sentence.
Nonessential: I have decided, therefore, to
withdraw my bid.
Essential: I have therefore decided to
withdraw my bid.
Slide 1-11

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122a. Use commas to set off interrupting
elementswords, phrases, and clauses that
break the flow of a sentence from subject to
verb to object or complement.
Interrupting: We could meet this Thursday
or, if you prefer, next Tuesday.
Interrupting: We can wait for a week, cant we,
to see what happens?
Slide 1-12

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122b. Use commas to set off afterthoughts
words, phrases, and clauses loosely
added onto the end of a sentence.
Afterthought: The merger took place last
July, if I remember correctly.
Afterthought: Its not too late to enroll, is it?
Slide 1-13

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122c. Use commas to set off transitional
expressions and similar elements
that are not essential to the meaning
or the structure of a sentence.
Nonessential: It is true, nevertheless,
that Carl supplied us with useful
information.
Essential: It is nevertheless true that
Carl supplied
us with useful information.
Slide 1-14
COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122c. Use commas to set off independent
comments and similar elements that are
not essential to the meaning or the
structure of a sentence.
Nonessential: It is our plan, of course, to
get a second opinion.
Essential: It is of course our plan to get
a second opinion.
Slide 1-15

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122d. Use commas to set off descriptive
expressions and similar elements that are
Nonessential: Many thanks for your letter of
May 1, in which you reviewed my manuscript.
Essential: Many thanks for the letter in which
you reviewed my manuscript.
Slide 1-16

COMMAS THAT SET OFF

122e-f. Use commas to set off descriptive
expressions and similar elements that are
Dates: The meeting planned for November 5, 2003,
will have to be rescheduled for February 2004.
Names: Ann Garcia, M.D., is moving to Logan, Utah.
Names: Paul Poe Jr. is leaving Green Inc. next week.
Slide 1-17

COMMAS THAT SEPARATE

123b. Use a comma to separate three
or more items in a series.
The Foxes, the Perrys, and the Joneses
have said yes.
Im still waiting to hear from the Sheas
and the Poes.
Slide 1-18


123c. Use a comma to separate two
or more adjectives that modify
the same noun.
Gillian is a thoughtful, considerate person.
But: I would like to thank you for your
thoughtful editorial comments.
Slide 1-19


123d. Use a comma to separate the
digits of large numbers into
groups of thousands.
10,575
200,000
3,500,000
But:
3000
3.14159265
Slide 1-20


123e. Use a comma to indicate the
omission of key words.
Employees with at least one year of service
are entitled to two weeks of vacation; those
with at least three years of service, three
weeks.
Slide 1-21


123e. Use a comma to indicate unusual
word order.
How that happened, well never know.
Slide 1-22


123e. Use a comma to
preserve clarity.
All an insurance policy is, is a contract
for services.
Slide 1-23


124. Use a comma after most introductory
elements that begin a sentence and precede
the subject and verb of the main clause.
Introductory word: Well, what can we do?
Introductory phrase: To start a successful
business, you need to do a lot of planning.
But: To start a successful business requires
a lot of planning.
Slide 1-24


Introductory clause: Before we invest more
money in the company, we need to see an
updated financial analysis.
Introductory verbal phrase: In reviewing the
sketches, I noticed several problems.
Slide 1-25


Introductory adverb: Tomorrow Ill give you
our decision.
Introductory phrase: In 2003 I may retire.
Introductory phrase: In the morning Ill have
more time.
Slide 1-26


124b. Use a comma after a transitional
expression or an independent comment
that begins a sentence.
Transitional expression: In any case, we
dont have to decide right away.
Independent comment: In my opinion, she
needs help.
Slide 1-27

COMMAS IN COMPOUND
SENTENCES
126-128. Use a comma to separate two
main clauses when they are joined by
and, but, or, or nor.
Compound sentence: I finished the report
last week, and I will now write a one-page
executive summary.
Compound predicate: I finished the report
last week and will now write a one-page
executive summary.
Slide 1-28

COMMAS IN COMPOUND
SENTENCES
126-128. Do not use a comma to separate
two main clauses when they are not joined
by and, but, or, or nor.
Run-on sentence: I finished the report last
week, I will now write a one-page executive
summary. (A comma is incorrect.)
Correct alternatives: . . . last week. I will . . .
. . . last week; I will . . .
. . . last week, and I will . . .
Slide 1-29

COMMAS IN COMPLEX
SENTENCES
130. Use a comma to separate a
dependent clause that precedes
the main clause.
Before we meet with the sales staff, we
need to complete this study.
Slide 1-30

COMMAS IN COMPLEX
SENTENCES
131, 132. Use a comma to separate a
nonessential dependent clause that
follows the main clause.
Nonessential: We need to complete this study
by Friday, before we meet with the CEO.
Essential: We need to complete this study
before we meet with the CEO.
Slide 1-31

THE SEMICOLON
176. Use a semicolon to separate
two independent clauses when the
clauses are not linked by a coordinating
conjunction (and, but, or, or nor).
Sheila wants to buy an SUV; Paul
would rather get a convertible.
Also correct: Sheila wants to buy an
SUV. Paul would rather get a convertible.
Slide 1-32

THE SEMICOLON
178. Use a semicolon to separate two
independent clauses when the clauses are
linked by a transitional expression (such
as however, moreover, or therefore).
My partners want to sign the contract;
however, I have some misgivings.
Also correct: My partners want to sign the
contract. However, I have some misgivings.
Slide 1-33

THE COLON
187a. Use a colon to separate two
independent clauses (1) when the second
clause explains the first clause and (2) the
clauses are not linked by a coordinating
conjunction or a transitional expression.
It has been said that a successful project
goes through three stages: it wont work, it
costs too much, and I always knew it was a
good idea.
Slide 1-34

THE COLON
187b. Compare the use of the colon and
the semicolon in these examples:
Colon: This job sounds very attractive: the salary,
the benefits, and the opportunities for advancement seem excellent. (The second clause explains
the first clause.)
Semicolon: This job sounds very attractive; it is the
kind of job I have been looking for. (Also correct:
This job sounds very attractive. It is the . . . . )
Slide 1-35

FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
181a. Ordinarily, use a semicolon to
separate two independent clauses
when they are linked by for example,
namely, or that is.
Semicolon: Pamela Hearst is well qualified
for this sales job; for example, she spent three
years working as a sales representative for
one of our major competitors.
Slide 1-36

FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
181b. Use a colon before for example,
namely, or that is if (1) the first independent clause directs attention to the
second independent clause and
(2) the second clause carries the
real emphasis in the sentence.
Colon: Your proposal covers all but one
point: namely, who is going to foot the bill?
Slide 1-37

FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
182a. Use a semicolon before for
example, namely, or that is if (1) the
preceding part of the sentence expresses
a complete thought and (2) what
follows is an afterthought, providing
additional information that is nice
to know but nonessential.
Semicolon: Always use figures with abbreviations; for example, 6 ft, 8 lb, 11 a.m.
Slide 1-38

FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
182b. Use a colon before for example,
namely, or that is if (1) the preceding
part of the sentence leads up to what
follows and (2) the real emphasis of the
sentence is to fall on what follows.
Colon: There are two things Id like you
to do while Im away: namely, answer all
my phone calls and dont let anyone know
that Im away.
Slide 1-39

FOR EXAMPLE,
NAMELY, AND THAT IS
182c. Use a comma before for example,
namely, or that is if it introduces a word
or phrase that explains an expression
immediately preceding.
This batch of mail will be processed by an
OCR, that is, an optical character reader.
Slide 1-40

DASHES
183, 201. When for example, namely,
or that is introduces an expression
within a sentence, use dashes to set off
the complete expression if you want to
give it special emphasis.
Three of our customersnamely, Foley,
Florio, and Gaborhave not reordered.
Slide 2-1

PARENTHESES
183, 219. When for example, namely,
or that is introduces an expression
within a sentence, use parentheses to set
off the complete expression if you want
to de-emphasize it.
Three of our customers (namely, Foley,
Florio, and Gabor) have not reordered.
Slide 2-2

COMMAS
183. When for example, namely, or that is
introduces an expression within a sentence,
use commas to set off the complete expression
if (1) no special treatment is required and
(2) the expression does not contain a series
of items separated by commas.
A few of our customers, for example, Foley
and Florio, have called to complain.
Slide 2-3

QUOTATION MARKS
227. Use quotation marks to enclose a
direct quotation, that is, the exact
words of a speaker or writer.
Jack simply said, I have decided to resign.
Slide 2-4

QUOTATION MARKS
228. Do not use quotation marks for an
indirect quotation, that is, a restatement
of a persons exact words.
Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.
Slide 2-5

QUOTATION MARKS
253a. When a quoted statement falls at
the beginning of a sentence, insert a
comma (not a period) before the
closing quotation mark.
Lets try to meet next Thursday, Jean
suggested.
Slide 2-6

QUOTATION MARKS
254. When a quoted question falls at
the beginning of a sentence, insert a
question mark (not a comma) before the
closing quotation mark.
Why do we need to meet? Steve asked.
Slide 2-7

QUOTATION MARKS
254. When a quoted exclamation falls at
the beginning of a sentence, insert an
exclamation point (not a comma) before
the closing quotation mark.
I dont believe it! Burt shouted.
Slide 2-8

QUOTATION MARKS
256a. When a quoted sentence falls at
the end of a larger sentence, insert a
comma before the opening quotation
mark if the quotation is introduced
by a simple phrase like She said.
Marsha said, We need to make a decision
today.
Slide 2-9

QUOTATION MARKS
256b. When a quoted sentence falls
at the end of a larger sentence, insert
a colon before the opening quotation
mark if the quotation is introduced by a
complete sentence like She said this.
Marshas reaction was fierce: We need to
make a decision today.
Slide 2-10

QUOTATION MARKS
247a, 257. When a quoted statement
falls at the end of a statement, insert
a period before the closing
quotation mark.
Marsha said, We need to make a decision
today.
Slide 2-11

QUOTATION MARKS
249a, 257. When a quoted question falls
at the end of a statement, insert
a question mark before the closing
quotation mark.
Ralph replied, Why do we have to decide
today?
Slide 2-12

QUOTATION MARKS
249b, 257. When a quoted statement
falls at the end of a question, insert
a question mark after the closing
quotation mark.
Did Marsha really say, We need to make
a decision today?
Slide 2-13

QUOTATION MARKS
257. When a quoted question falls at the
end of a question, insert a question mark
before the closing quotation mark.
Did Marsha really say, Why do we need

to make a decision today?
Slide 2-14

QUOTATION MARKS
242. Use quotation marks to enclose titles
that represent only part of a complete
work (such as an article in a magazine or
a chapter in a book).
Im enclosing a copy of an article entitled
Reinventing Retailing to Compete With
E-Tailing.
Slide 2-15

ITALICS AND UNDERLINING

289a. Use italics or underlining to set off
titles that represent complete works (such
as a magazine or a book).
For an excellent book on conflict resolution,
read Getting to Yes. (Or: Getting to Yes.)
Slide 2-16


285a. Use italics or underlining to
set off words used as words.
What does the term mouse potato mean?
Slide 2-17


287. Use italics or underlining
to set off foreign expressions
unless they are considered part
of the English language.
What they said is true, nest-ce pas?
(Or: nest-ce pas?)
But: Im all for preserving the status quo.
Slide 2-18

CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS
301a. Capitalize the first word of
every sentence.
We didnt know that.
How did you find out?
Slide 3-1

301b. Capitalize the first word of
an expression used as a sentence.
Slide 3-2
Really?
Unbelievable!
Indeed.
So much for that.

301c. Capitalize the first word of
a quoted sentence.
Mr. Potter asked, When can we expect a
decision?
Slide 3-3

301d. Capitalize the first
word of an independent question
within a sentence.
The question is, What should we do now?
Slide 3-4

301e. Capitalize the first
word of each item displayed
in a list or an outline.
This problem-solving tool will help you:
Become an effective leader.
Improve your relations with colleagues.
Cope with stressful situations on the job.
Slide 3-5

301g. Capitalize the first
word of the salutation and the
complimentary closing of a letter.
Dear Ms. Porcini:
Slide 3-6
Sincerely,

CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS
303, 311, 320. Capitalize every proper
noun, that is, the official name of a
particular person, place, or thing.
Persons:
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Organizations:
Cisco Systems
the Red Cross
Slide 3-7

303, 325, 335. Capitalize every proper
Governmental units:
the House of Representatives
But: the federal government
the Vermont State Board of Education
But: the state of Vermont
Slide 3-8

303, 331. Capitalize every proper
Places:
the Holiday Inn
Bath, Maine
Lake Champlain
OHare Airport
Slide 3-9

303, 331, 356, 360, 364. Capitalize
every proper noun, that is,
the official name of a particular
person, place, or thing.
Things:
the Statue of Liberty
Kleenex
Gone With the Wind
an Oscar
Slide 3-10

Days:
Wednesday
Saturday
Months:
February 14
October 31
Holidays:
the Fourth of July
Mothers Day
Slide 3-11

303, 344a-b. Capitalize every proper
Events:
World War II
the Middle Ages
the Holocaust
the Renaissance
Slide 3-12

Races:
Caucasians
Native Americans
Peoples:
the Koreans
African Americans
Languages:
speak Swedish
read Japanese
Slide 3-13

CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS
307. Do not capitalize common
nouns, that is, nouns that refer
to a class of things.
books
Slide 3-14
all books
every book

308. Do not capitalize common nouns,
that is, nouns that refer to a particular
person, place, or thing without
using the full official name.
my book
Slide 3-15
this book
these books

309. Capitalize a common noun when it
is part of a proper noun but not when it
is used as a short form in place of the
complete official name.
Proper nouns:
Common nouns:
Dr. Milano
my doctor
Professor Piasecki the professor
the Poe Company the company
Slide 3-16

309. Capitalize a common noun when it
is part of a proper noun but not when it
is used as a short form in place of the
complete official name.
Proper nouns:
Common nouns:
Boston University
the university
Hotel Pierre
the hotel
Logan Airport
the airport
Slide 3-17

309, 331, 346a. Capitalize a common
noun when it is part of a proper noun but
not when it is used as a short form in place
of the complete official name.
Proper nouns:
Common nouns:
the Hudson River
the river
Fifth Avenue
the avenue
the Civil Rights Act the act
Slide 3-18

CAPITALIZATIONTITLES
312a. Capitalize a title when it
precedes a persons name.
Personal titles:
Mr. Arnst
Ms. La Voix
Executive titles:
President Roy Fox
Slide 3-19

312a. Capitalize a title when it
precedes a persons name.
Professional titles:
Dr. Cheng
Professor Romero
Governmental titles:
Governor Foy Senator Cohen
Slide 3-20

313a. In most cases, do not capitalize
these titles when they follow a
persons name or are used in
place of a persons name.
Roy Fox, president of the Century Club,
asked . . .
The president of the Century Club asked . . .
Slide 3-21

313b. Always capitalize the titles of
high-ranking officials and dignitaries,
even when they follow a persons name or
are used in place of a persons name.
National officials:
the President
the Vice President
State officials:
the Governor
Slide 3-22
the Lieutenant Governor

313b. Always capitalize the titles of
high-ranking officials and dignitaries,
even when they follow a persons name or
are used in place of a persons name.
Foreign dignitaries:
the Queen
the Prime Minister
International figures:
the Pope
the Secretary General
Slide 3-23

313c-d. Ordinarily, do not capitalize
the titles of local officials or company
officials when they follow or are
used in place of a persons name.
The mayor announced . . .
The treasurer of the club . . .
Slide 3-24

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401a. Spell out numbers from
1 through 10. Use figures for
numbers over 10.
Please make ten copies of this article.
Please make 11 copies of this article.
Slide 4-1

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
402. Express related numbers
the same way. If some are
above 10 and some below 10,
put them all in figures.
Please send 10 copies of this article to our
Boise office and 11 copies to our Topeka
office.
Slide 4-2

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401d. Always spell out numbers at
the beginning of a sentence.
Forty men showed up.
Slide 4-3

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401c. Always spell out indefinite
numbers and amounts.
a few thousand brochures

hundreds of acres
Slide 4-4

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401d. Always spell out nontechnical or
nonemphatic references to age, periods
of time, and measurements.
when I turn forty
sixty years ago
lose fifty pounds
Slide 4-5

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401d. Some numbers are
usually spelled out.
Ordinal numbers:
my twenty-fifth birthday
Fractions:
over one-third of the callers
Slide 4-6

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b, 410. In expressions of dates,
where numbers have technical significance or need to stand out for quick
comprehension, use all figureseven
for the numbers 1 through 10.
On April 8, 2003, we will . . . (Not: April 8th)
In April 2003 we will . . .
the May 2003 issue
Slide 4-7
But: the May 2, 2003, issue

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b, 403a, 413a, 418a. In expressions
of money, where numbers have technical
significance or need to stand out for quick
comprehension, use all figureseven
from $4.95 to $9
$5,000,000
Or: $5 million
10 cents
But: not worth two cents
Slide 4-8

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b, 453. When numbers
precede abbreviations and
symbols, use all figureseven
8 a.m. 7.5 lb
Slide 4-9
250 MB

9F
NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b. With technical or emphatic
references to age, use all figures
even for the numbers 1 through 10.
Technical: a study of 2-year-olds
Nontechnical: my two-year-old son
Slide 4-10

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b, 436. With technical or
emphatic references to periods
of time, use all figureseven for the
numbers 1 through 10.
Technical: a 20-year mortgage
Nontechnical: over twenty years ago
Slide 4-11

NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE
401b, 429. With technical or
emphatic references to measurements, use all figureseven for
the numbers 1 through 10.
Technical: packages over 5 pounds
Nontechnical: need to lose five pounds
Slide 4-12

NUMBERSWORD STYLE
404. Spell out numbers from 1 through
100. Also spell out numbers above 100
that require only one or two words.
sixty-five (one word)
three hundred (two words)
But: 350 (would require three words)
ninety-five million
Slide 4-13
But: 125 million

NUMBERSWORD STYLE
405. Express related numbers the same
way. If some numbers require one or two
words and others require more than two
words, put them all in figures.
We sent out 350 invitations and have
already received over 300 acceptances.
Our corporation projected revenues of
$125 million last year but earned only
$95 million.
Slide 4-14

ABBREVIATIONS
502a. Avoid using abbreviations
except on business forms, in catalogs,
in tables, and in informal documents
shared with your colleagues.
When in doubt, spell it out.
Slide 5-1

ABBREVIATIONS
502b. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those that
accompany a persons name.
Slide 5-2
Mr.
Ms.
Jr.
M.D.
Esq.
Mrs.
Sr.
Ph.D.

ABBREVIATIONS
502b. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those that
are part of an organizations name.
Co.
Slide 5-3
Corp.
Inc.

Ltd.
ABBREVIATIONS
502c. Some abbreviations are always
acceptable, such as those used in place
of a long organizational name.
NAACP
Slide 5-4
SEC
IRS

NBC
ABBREVIATIONS
502b. Some abbreviations are
always acceptable, such as those
used in expressions of time.
a.m.
Slide 5-5
p.m.
PST

EDT
ABBREVIATIONS
503. When alternative forms are
available, use the form that is the shortest
without any sacrifice of clarity.
cont. (rather than contd.)
2 lb (rather than 2 lbs)
Enc. 2 (rather than Encs. 2 OR Encl. 2)
2d (rather than 2nd)
Slide 5-6

ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION
506a. Use a period after the
abbreviation of a single word.
Slide 5-7
Mrs.
Corp.
pp.
Wed.
Jr.
Inc.
Nos.
Dec.

ABBREVIATIONS
PUNCTUATION AND SPACING
507. When a small-letter abbreviation
consists of single initials representing
two or more words, insert a period
after each initial but insert no
space after each internal period.
Slide 5-8
a.m.
i.e.
BUT: rpm
p.m.
e.g.
mph

ABBREVIATIONS
508. As a general rule, do not use
periods in all-capital abbreviations
consisting of single initials
representing two or more words.
Slide 5-9
CBS
CEO
ASAP
MIT
FYI
CD-ROM

ABBREVIATIONS
508. As an exception to the general
rule, insert periods in all-capital
abbreviations when they consist of single
initials and they represent:
Geographic names:
U.S. N.J. D.C.
Academic degrees:
B.A. M.S. M.D.
Miscellaneous expressions: A.D. B.C. P.O.

Slide 5-10

ABBREVIATIONS
509. When an abbreviation consists of more
than single initials, insert a period and a space
after each element in the abbreviation.
N. Mex.
Lt. Col.
Rt. Rev.
loc. cit.
Exceptions:
Academic abbreviations: Ph.D. LL.B.
Units of measurement:
Slide 5-11
sq ft

cu cm
510. Do not use a period after
shortened forms of words.
Slide 5-12
deli
temp
hype
demo
typo
condo
fax
info
co-op

ABBREVIATIONS
516a. Insert a period and a space after
each initial in a persons name.
M. A. Devine
F. E. Hollings
W. E. B. Du Bois
B. J. Malone
Slide 5-13

516b. As a rule, omit periods
when a persons name is expressed
entirely in initials.
JFK
Slide 5-14
FDR

522a. Do not use periods in
acronyms (all-cap initials that are
pronounced like a word).
PIN
BOGSAT
NIMBY
MEGO
WOMBAT
PEBCAK
Slide 5-15

PLURALS
601. To form the plural of most
words, simply add s.
ideas
committees
taxis
menus
combs
rhythms
depths
rights
Slide 6-1

PLURALS
602. To form the plural of words that
end in s, x, ch, sh, and z, add es.
businesses
boxes
crashes
summonses
matches
brushes
faxes
sketches
buzzes
Slide 6-2

PLURALS
end in a vowel plus y, add s.
holidays
Slide 6-3
attorneys
joys

guys
PLURALS
604. To form the plural of words
that end in a consonant plus y,
change the y to i and add es.
policy policies
copy copies
Slide 6-4
liability liabilities
rally
rallies

PLURALS
606. To form the plural of words
that end in a vowel plus o, add s.
stereos
Slide 6-5
ratios
shampoos

duos
PLURALS
end in a consonant plus o, add s to some
words and es to others. (Check your
manual or a dictionary to be sure.)
photos memos potatoes echoes
macros twos
Slide 6-6
heroes

fiascoes
PLURALS
608a. To form the plural of most words
ending in f, fe, or ff, add s.
beliefs
proofs
safes
sheriffs
chiefs
reefs
cafs
tariffs
Slide 6-7

PLURALS
608b. To form the plural of some
words ending in f, fe, or ff, change
the ending to ve and add s.
wife wives
life
Slide 6-8
lives
self selves
shelf shelves

PLURALS
609-610. Some words have an
irregular plural. Check your
manual or a dictionary if you are
not sure of the correct form.
man
men
woman women
child
Slide 6-9
children
foot
feet
goose geese
mouse mice

PLURALS
611. Solid Compound Nouns. Pluralize
the final element in the compound
as if it stood alone.
crossroads
hatboxes
birthdays
eyewitnesses hairbrushes
bookshelves
blueberries
Slide 6-10

handkerchiefs
photocopies
PLURALS
612a. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound
Nouns. To form the plural, add s or es to
the chief element of the compound.
mothers-in-law
editors in chief
runners-up
accounts payable
Slide 6-11

PLURALS
612b. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound
Nouns. When this type of compound
does not contain a noun as one of its
elements, simply add s or es to the
final element to form the plural.
hang-ups
get-togethers
go-betweens
run-throughs
Slide 6-12

PLURALS
614. When words of foreign origin
have acceptable English plurals,
add s or es as appropriate.
agenda agendas
stadium stadiums
census censuses
appendix appendixes
Slide 6-13

PLURALS
614. Some words of foreign origin require
foreign plurals. Check your manual or a
dictionary for the correct forms.
alumnus (m.) alumni
alumna (f.)
Slide 6-14
criterion criteria
alumnae analysis analyses

PLURALS
619. To form the plural of most
abbreviations, add s.
Vol. Vols.
Slide 6-15
No. Nos.

Dr.
Drs.
PLURALS
620. Abbreviations of measurements
use the same form in the
singular and the plural.
oz
Slide 6-16
ft
in
lb

km
mL
PLURALS
621. To form the plural of a few
abbreviations, double
the singular form.
p. pp.
Slide 6-17
l. ll.

PLURALS
622. To form the plural of
abbreviations that end in a
capital letter, add s.
VIPs
Slide 6-18
CEOs
M.D.s

Ph.D.s
PLURALS
623. To form the plural of
abbreviations that end in a small
letter, add an apostrophe plus s.
received four c.o.d.s
minding ones ps and qs
Slide 6-19

SINGULAR POSSESSIVES
630. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do not end with an s sound,
add an apostrophe plus s.
my attorneys advice
Illinoiss highways
the committees vote
Arkansass lakes
Slide 6-20

631a. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided
by your pronunciation. If you create a new
syllable when you pronounce the possessive,
your bosss approval
Dallass parks
our coachs strategy
Phoenixs suburbs
Slide 6-21

631b. To form the possessive of singular
nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided
by your pronunciation. If adding an extra
syllable makes the word hard to pronounce,
add only an apostrophe.
for goodness sake
New Orleans chefs
Massachusetts roads Los Angeles freeways
Slide 6-22

634. To form the possessive of singular
compound nouns, add an apostrophe plus s
to the last element of the compound.
an eyewitnesss story
my stockbrokers advice
my son-in-laws job
the attorney generals plan
Slide 6-23

PLURAL POSSESSIVES
632. To form the possessive of regular
plural nouns (those that end in s or es),
attorneys fees
the witnesses testimony
ten dollars worth
our bosses decisions
Slide 6-24

PLURAL POSSESSIVES
633. To form the possessive of irregular
plural nouns (those that do not end in s or
es), add an apostrophe plus s.
mens ties
childrens toys
womens skirts
the alumnis contributions
Slide 6-25

PLURAL POSSESSIVES
635a. To form the possessive of plural
compound nouns that end in s,
the stockholders votes
the vice presidents jobs
Slide 6-26

PLURAL POSSESSIVES
635b. To form the possessive of plural
compound nouns that do not end in s,
the editors in chiefs judgments
my sons-in-laws Internet start-up
Slide 6-27

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
636. To form the possessive of personal
pronouns, never use an apostrophe.
Use the special possessive forms.
my idea
your bills
the idea was mine
these bills are yours
Slide 6-28

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
his palmtop
our CD collection
that palmtop is his
those CDs are ours
Slide 6-29

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
her e-mail
their summer cottage
this e-mail is hers
that cottage is theirs
Slide 6-30

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
Each group uses its own forms. (NOT: its)
The decision has to be yours. (NOT: yours)
The responsibility is theirs. (NOT: theirs)
Slide 6-31

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
637. To form the possessive of
singular indefinite pronouns,
anybodys guess
someone elses problem
no ones fault
one anothers children
Slide 6-32

POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS
637. To form the possessive of
singular indefinite pronouns, add
an apostrophe plus s.
someones chance
each others rights
BUT: the needs of each

(NOT: eachs needs)
Slide 6-33

SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS
615a. To form the plural of most
surnames, just add s.
Mr. and Mrs. Carter the Carters
Mr. and Mrs. Shea
Slide 6-34
the Sheas

615b. To form the plural of surnames
ending in s or x, add es.
Mr. and Mrs. Bass the Basses
Mr. and Mrs. Fox the Foxes
Slide 6-35

615b. To form the plural of surnames
ending in ch, sh, or z, add es.
Mr. and Mrs. French the Frenches
Mr. and Mrs. Marsh the Marshes
Mr. and Mrs. Perez
Slide 6-36
the Perezes

615b. If adding es makes the plural
surname hard to pronounce, use the
singular form for the plural.
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings the Hastings
(NOT: the Hastingses)
Slide 6-37

615c. When forming the plural of a
surname, do not change the spelling.
Simply add s or es.
the Kennedys (NOT: the Kennedies)
the Wolfs
(NOT: the Wolves)
the Fairchilds (NOT: the Fairchildren)
Slide 6-38

SURNAMESPOSSESSIVE FORMS
631a. To form the singular possessive of
a surname, add an apostrophe plus s.
Mrs. Joness article
Mr. Harriss report
Mr. and Mrs. Marxs house

Mr. and Mrs. Hertzs car
Note that Mr. and Mrs. is followed by the singular

form of the possessive.
Slide 6-39

631b. To form the singular possessive of
a surname, add only an apostrophe if the
addition of an apostrophe plus s makes
the name hard to pronounce.
Mrs. Hodges fax
(NOT: Mrs. Hodgess fax)
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings party
(NOT: Mr. and Mrs. Hastingss party)
Slide 6-40

632a. To form the plural possessive of a
surname, add only an apostrophe.
the Joneses farm
the Harrises son
the Hodges condo
Slide 6-41
the Marxes house

the Hertzes car
the Hastings party

SPELLING
701. When a word of one syllable ends
with a single consonant (bag) preceded by
a single vowel (bag), double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with
a vowel or before the suffix y.
baggage bagged
Slide 7-1
bagging

baggy
SPELLING
702. When a word of two or more syllables
ends in a single consonant (refer) preceded
by a single vowel (refer), double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel (referred) if the accent falls on the
last syllable of the root word (reFERred or
reFERring).
Slide 7-2
forBIDden
beGINning
ocCURred
reGRETtable

SPELLING
703. When a word of one syllable ends
with a single consonant (bad) preceded by
a single vowel (bad), do not double the
final consonant before a suffix beginning
with a consonant (badly).
joyful
Slide 7-3
joyless
gladly

gladness
SPELLING
704. When a word of two or more syllables
ends in a single consonant (total) preceded by
a single vowel (total), do not double the final
consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel (totaled) if the accent does not fall on
the last syllable of the root word.
CANceled
DIFferent
BENefiting
Exceptions:
PROgrammed
FORmatting
Slide 7-4

SPELLING
705. Do not double the final consonant
of the root word before a suffix if the
root word ends in a single consonant
preceded by two vowels.
gainful
Slide 7-5
chiefly
dreaming riotous

SPELLING
706. Do not double the final consonant
of the root word before a suffix if the root
word ends in two consonants.
climbing selfish
Slide 7-6
backward warmly

SPELLING
707. Words ending in a silent e
usually drop the e before a suffix
beginning with a vowel.
storage
BUT: mileage
Slide 7-7
managing
manageable

SPELLING
708. Words ending in a silent e usually
retain the e before a suffix beginning with
a consonant.
hopeful
BUT: awful
Slide 7-8
management
judgment

SPELLING
710. Words ending in y preceded by a
consonant change the y to i before
most suffixes.
happiness
defiant
BUT: countrywide
Slide 7-9
heavier
fiftieth
shyly

SPELLING
710. Words ending in y preceded
by a consonant retain the y before
a suffix beginning with i.
trying
thirtyish
BUT:
academy academic
economy economic
Slide 7-10
lobbyist

SPELLING
712. The letter i usually comes before e.
believe
relief
field
yield
friend
view
BUT:
either
foreign
Slide 7-11

SPELLING
712. The letter e usually comes before i
when these letters follow c.
receive
deceitful
perceive
ceiling
conceit
receipt
BUT:
ancient
science
Slide 7-12

SPELLING
712. The letter e comes before i when
these two letters are pronounced like ay
(as in day).
freight
neighbor
eight
their
weight
vein
sleigh
heir
Slide 7-13

SPELLING
715a. Most words that end with
the sound of eyes are spelled
with the ending ize.
authorize
emphasize
realize
specialize
criticize
organize
recognize
visualize
prize
Slide 7-14

SPELLING
715b. Some common words that
end with the sound of eyes are
spelled with the ending ise.
advertise
compromise
enterprise
supervise
advise
devise
exercise
surprise
televise
Slide 7-15

SPELLING
715c. A few words that end with the sound
of eyes are spelled with the ending yze.
analyze
Slide 7-16
paralyze

SPELLING
716c. When words end with the sound of
seed, they usually end with cede.
accede
intercede
recede
concede
precede
secede
Slide 7-17

SPELLING
716b. Three words that end with the sound
of seed are spelled with the ending ceed.
exceed
Slide 7-18
proceed
succeed

SPELLING
716a. Only one word that ends with
the sound of seed is spelled with
the ending sede.
supersede
Slide 7-19

COMPOUND NOUNS
801a. Some compound nouns are
written solid, some are spaced, and
some are hyphenated.
checklist
goodwill
trademark
Slide 8-1
check mark
good sense
trade name

check-in
good-bye
trade-in
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS

802. Distinguish between compound
nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb
phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUN
VERB PHRASE
a follow-up on my memo
follow up on my memo
a breakdown in the talks
when talks break down
Slide 8-2

COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS

802. Distinguish between compound
nouns that are solid or hyphenated and
verb phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUN
VERB PHRASE
plan a get-together
plan to get together
to reduce staff turnover
to turn over the deed
Slide 8-3

COMPOUND VERBS
811. Compound verbs are usually
hyphenated or solid. To be sure of the
spelling of compound verbs, check
your manual or a dictionary.
to air-condition
to download
to double-click
to highlight
to spot-check
to proofread
Slide 8-4

GENDER-FREE NOUNS
809a. When referring generally to men
and women, avoid compound nouns
ending in man or men.
IN PLACE OF:
USE:
laymen
laypersons
businessmen
business owners
business executives
business managers
business people
Slide 8-5

GENDER-FREE NOUNS
809a. When referring generally to men
and women, avoid compound nouns
ending in man or men.
IN PLACE OF:
USE:
mankind
people, humanity, human

beings
salesman
salespeople, salespersons, sales

representatives
foremen
supervisors
Slide 8-6

GENDER-FREE NOUNS
840. Avoid feminine suffixes
like ess and ette.
author (NOT: authoress)
flight attendant(NOT: stewardess)
Slide 8-7

GENDER-FREE NOUNS
840. A few terms ending with
feminine suffixes like ess and ette
are still widely used.
hostess
Slide 8-8
heroine
fiance

waitress
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
813. A compound adjective consists of two
or more words that function as a unit and
express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases or clauses.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
OR CLAUSE
loans made for a long term
an actor who is well known
a sale exempt from taxes
Slide 8-9
COMPOUND
ADJECTIVE
long-term loans
a well-known actor
a tax-exempt sale

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
813. A compound adjective consists of two
or more words that function as a unit and
express a single thought. They are derived
from adjective phrases and clauses.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
OR CLAUSE
COMPOUND
ADJECTIVE
a vacation for two weeks

a woman who speaks softly
a two-week vacation
a soft-spoken woman
Slide 8-10

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
814. Hyphenate a compound adjective
when it comes before a noun.
long-range plans
an eye-catching display
a 40-hour week
an old-fashioned gown
Slide 8-11

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
815a. When the elements that make up a
compound adjective come elsewhere
in a sentence, do not hyphenate them
if they occur in a normal form and in
a normal word order.
an all-day seminar a seminar that lasts all day
a part-time job
Slide 8-12
I work part of the time.

BUT: I work part-time.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
815b. When the elements that make up a
compound adjective come elsewhere
in a sentence, retain the hyphen if these
elements are in an inverted word order
or an altered form.
high-priced
items
These items are high-priced.

BUT: They carry a high price.
state-owned
lands
These lands are state-owned.

BUT: They are owned by the state.
Slide 8-13

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
816. Adjective + Noun. Hyphenate
before but not after.
a high-speed printer
It runs at high speed.
red-carpet treatment
Roll out the red carpet.
Slide 8-14

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
817. Compound With Number or Letter.
Hyphenate before but not after.
a three-hour job
a job that took three hours
a 20-year mortgage
a mortgage running for 20 years
Slide 8-15

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.
a life insurance policy word processing software

a real estate agent
Slide 8-16
income tax payments

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
819. Proper Names as Adjectives.
Do not hyphenate before or after.
a Park Avenue address
a Supreme Court decision
an L. L. Bean catalog
Mickey Mouse procedures
Slide 8-17

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
820. Noun + Adjective. Hyphenate
before and after. (Some words following this pattern are written solid.)
a toll-free call
You can call toll-free.
a cost-effective plan
must be cost-effective
BUT: worldwide, storewide

waterproof, fireproof
Slide 8-18

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate
before and after.
market-tested products This has been market-tested.
mind-boggling details
Slide 8-19
The report was mind-boggling.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate
before and after.
half-baked ideas
All his ideas are half-baked.
a friendly-looking dog
That dog is friendly-looking.
Slide 8-20

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
823. Adjective + Noun + ed. Hyphenate
before and after.
a quick-witted driver She was quick-witted.
deep-seated problems These problems are deep-seated.
Slide 8-21

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
826. Participle + Adverb. Hyphenate
filled-in forms
forms to be filled in
a cooling-off period
a time for cooling off
Slide 8-22

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate
up-to-date figures
figures that are up to date
down-to-earth ideas
needs to come down to earth
on-the-job training
was trained on the job
Slide 8-23

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate
off-the-shelf software
bought it off the shelf
before-tax earnings
earnings before taxes
after-dinner speeches speeches after dinner

Slide 8-24

PREFIXES
833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to
set off a prefix from the root word.
aftereffects
antitrust
hypersensitive
Slide 8-25
misspell
multipurpose
nonessential

prerequisite
retroactive
semiannual
SUFFIXES
833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to
set off a suffix from the root word.
freedom
trustful
happiness
fivefold
likelihood
hardship
Slide 8-26

PREFIXES
835a. In most words beginning with re,
pre, or de, the hyphen is omitted.
reeducate
preeminent
defraud
reelect
preempt
deregulate
reemphasize
preexisting
BUT: de-emphasize
Slide 8-27

PREFIXES
835b. In most words beginning
with co, the hyphen is omitted.
coauthor
copartner BUT: co-op
cooperate
cosigner
co-opt
coordinate
coworker
co-owner
Slide 8-28

PREFIXES
836. Use a hyphen when self is a prefix
but not when self is the root word.
self-addressed self-paced
BUT: selfish
self-confident
self-study
selfless
self-evident
self-supporting
selfsame
Slide 8-29

WORD DIVISION
901-902. Divide only between syllables.
Do not divide a one-syllable word.
planned
Slide 9-1
through
straight

rhythm
WORD DIVISION
903a. Do not set off a one-letter syllable at
the beginning or at the end of a word.
ideal (NOT: i- deal)
media (NOT: medi- a)
Slide 9-2

WORD DIVISION
904. Do not divide a word unless
you can leave at least two letters
and a hyphen on the upper line.
re- new
Slide 9-3
under
ad- mit

in- ert
WORD DIVISION
904. Do not divide a word unless you
can carry a syllable of at least three
characters to the next line. (The last
may be a punctuation mark.)
de- ter
Slide 9-4
ad- mit
set- up,

happily.
WORD DIVISION
905-906. Do not divide an
abbreviation or a contraction.
UNICEF
Slide 9-5
approx.
havent

shouldnt
WORD DIVISION
907-908. Try to divide compound words
between elements (not within).
eye- witness
(NOT: eyewit- ness)
cross- reference
(NOT: cross-reference)
Slide 9-6

WORD DIVISION
913. Divide after a one-letter syllable
within a word (not before it).
nega- tive
(NOT: neg- ative)
congratu- late
(NOT: congrat- ulate)
Slide 9-7

WORD DIVISION
914. Divide between two vowels when
they are pronounced separately (but
not when they represent one sound).
BUT:
Slide 9-8
patri- otic
situ- ated
trea- sure
neu- tral

WORD DIVISION
916. Try not to end more than two
consecutive lines with a hyphen.
Slide 9-9

WORD DIVISION
917. Try not to divide at the end
of the first line or at the end of the
last full line of a paragraph.
Slide 9-10

WORD DIVISION
918. Do not divide the
last word on a page.
Slide 9-11

WORD DIVISION
919. Do not divide between
certain types of word groups.
page 191
May 13
Ms. Raeburn
11:40 a.m.
June 2003
250 miles
Slide 9-12

WORD DIVISION
920g. In an enumerated list,
divide before (not after) an introductory
number or letter.
. . . these points:
(1) All cards should . . .
NOT:
Slide 9-13
. . . these points: (1)

All cards should . . .

WORD DIVISION
920h. Divide after a
dash (not before it).
. . . Early next year
say, in Marchlets . . .
NOT:
Slide 9-14
. . . Early next year

say, in Marchlets . . .
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON

REGULAR VERBS (1030a)
PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
ask
confirm
need
reveal
asked
confirmed
needed
revealed
asked
confirmed
needed
revealed
Slide 10-1

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
asking
confirming
needing
revealing

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
maintain
taxi
plan
ship
maintained
taxied
planned
shipped
maintained
taxied
planned
shipped
Slide 10-2

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
maintaining
taxiing
planning
shipping

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
occur
compel
offer
travel
occurred
compelled
offered
traveled
occurred
compelled
offered
traveled
Slide 10-3

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
occurring
compelling
offering
traveling

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
receive
agree
die
tie
received
agreed
died
tied
received
agreed
died
tied
Slide 10-4

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
receiving
agreeing
dying
tying

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
carry
hurry
obey
annoy
carried
hurried
obeyed
annoyed
carried
hurried
obeyed
annoyed
Slide 10-5

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
carrying
hurrying
obeying
annoying

IRREGULAR VERBS (1030b)
PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
am, is, are

become
begin
break
was, were
became
began
broke
been
become
begun
broken
Slide 10-6

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
being
becoming
beginning
breaking

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
bring
buy
catch
choose
brought
bought
caught
chose
brought
bought
caught
chosen
Slide 10-7

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
bringing
buying
catching
choosing

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
come
do
draw
drink
came
drew
did
drank
come
drawn
done
drunk
Slide 10-8

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
coming
drawing
doing
drinking

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
drive
eat
fall
feel
drove
ate
fell
felt
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
Slide 10-9

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
driving
eating
falling
feeling

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
find
fly
forget
forgive
found
flew
forgot
forgave
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
Slide 10-10

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
finding
flying
forgetting
forgiving

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
get
give
go
grow
got
gave
went
grew
got OR gotten
given
gone
grown
Slide 10-11

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
getting
giving
going
growing

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
hear
hold
keep
know
heard
held
kept
knew
heard
held
kept
known
Slide 10-12

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
hearing
holding
keeping
knowing

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
lay (place)
lie (recline)
lie (fib)
lead
laid
lay
lied
led
laid
lain
lied
led
Slide 10-13

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
laying
lying
lying
leading

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
lend
lose
make
mean
lent
lost
made
meant
lent
lost
made
meant
Slide 10-14

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
lending
losing
making
meaning

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
pay
ring
rise
run
paid
rang
rose
ran
paid
rung
risen
run
Slide 10-15

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
paying
ringing
rising
running

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
say
see
sell
send
said
saw
sold
sent
said
seen
sold
sent
Slide 10-16

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
saying
seeing
selling
sending

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
set
shake
shrink
sing
set
shook
shrank
sang
set
shaken
shrunk
sung
Slide 10-17

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
setting
shaking
shrinking
singing

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
sit
speak
swim
swing
sat
spoke
swam
swung
sat
spoken
swum
swung
Slide 10-18

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
sitting
speaking
swimming
swinging

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
take
teach
tell
think
took
taught
told
thought
taken
taught
told
thought
Slide 10-19

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
taking
teaching
telling
thinking

PRESENT
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
throw
understand
wear
write
threw
understood
wore
wrote
thrown
understood
worn
written
Slide 10-20

PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
throwing
understanding
wearing
writing
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1001. A verb must agree with its
subject in number and person.
I am as pleased with the outcome as you are.
She is not as competent as she thinks.
We do a lot more work than he does.
He has more experience than they have.
Slide 10-21

1002a. If the subject consists of two
or more words connected by and, the subject
requires a plural verb.
My brother and I are likely to get better test
scores than my mother and father expect.
Slide 10-22

1002c. If the subject consists of two
or more words connected by and,
the subject requires a plural verb.
However, if the two subjects connected by
and are preceded by each, every, or many a,
the subjects require a singular verb.
A copier and a fax machine are what I need.
Every copier and fax machine is on sale.
Slide 10-23

1003. If the subject consists of two or
more words connected by or, either . . . or,
neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also,
use a singular verb if the two subjects
are each singular.
Either Fran or Bob has the Kellerman file.
Slide 10-24

neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use
a plural verb if the two subjects
are each plural.
Neither the Kellys nor the Bonos want our
tickets.
Slide 10-25

make the verb agree with the nearer
subject if one subject is singular and
the other is plural.
Neither the office manager nor the assistants like
the new policy.
Neither the assistants nor the office manager likes
the new policy.
Slide 10-26

make the verb agree with the nearer
subject if one subject is singular and
the other is plural.
Neither the assistants nor I am happy about the
new policy.
Neither I nor the assistants are happy about the
new policy.
Slide 10-27

1006. When establishing agreement
between subject and verb, ignore
intervening phrases and clauses.
The bill for these spreadsheet programs
seems high.
The prices shown in our catalog do not
include sales taxes.
Slide 10-28

1006-1007. When establishing agreement
This study, along with earlier reports, proves
that our high prices, rather than poor service,
are responsible for our falling sales.
Slide 10-29

1006-1008. When establishing agreement
Mrs. Swenson, together with her husband
and her daughter, is going to Arizona.
One of the reasons for falling sales is our
high prices.
Slide 10-30

1009a. Use a singular verb when
the subject includes such words as
each, every, either, or neither.
Every employee has been informed of the
new policy.
Each is now responsible for adhering to
that policy.
Slide 10-31

1010. Use a singular verb when the subject
consists of such words as anyone, everybody,
something, or no one.
Everyone is required to attend the seminar.
Nothing surprises me anymore.
Slide 10-32

1012. Use a plural verb when the
subject includes such words as both,
few, many, others, or several.
Both books are out of print, but
several other titles on the same
subject are still available.
Slide 10-33

1013. Words like all, none, any, some,
more, or most may be singular or plural as
subjects, depending on what they refer to.
All of the work has been completed.
None of the cartons were damaged.
Slide 10-34

1018a. When the subject is a
noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
The criteria that we use are out of date.
BUT: The criterion that we use is out of date.
Slide 10-35

1018a. When the subject is a
noun with a foreign plural ending,
be sure to use a plural verb.
The analyses of the research data do not agree.
BUT: The analysis of the data is incomplete.
Slide 10-36

1019a. When the subject is a collective
noun (like jury or committee), use a singular
verb if the group is acting as a unit.
The jury has agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-37

1019b. When the subject is a collective
noun (like jury or committee), use a
plural verb if the members of the
group are acting separately.
The jury have not yet agreed on a verdict.
BETTER: The members of the jury have not
yet agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-38

1023. When the subject is the number,
use a singular verb. When the subject
is a number, use a plural verb.
The number of accidents at the corner is
alarming.
A large number of accidents have occurred
there.
Slide 10-39

1025a. When the subject includes a phrase
like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest
of, use a singular verb if a singular noun
follows of or is implied.
Two-thirds of the job has been completed; the
remaining third is scheduled for completion
by this Friday.
Slide 10-40

1025b. When the subject includes a phrase
like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest
of, use a plural verb if a plural noun follows
of or is implied.
A large percentage of the voters support your
plan.
Slide 10-41

1027. When the verb comes before the
subject, make sure that they agree.
What procedures am I expected to follow?
Enclosed is a copy of the e-mail sent by
Mr. Polk.
Slide 10-42

1028a. When a sentence begins with there
is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real
subject follows the verb. Use a singular
verb if the subject is singular.
There is a vast difference between the two
plans.
Here is the first draft of my manuscript.
Slide 10-43

1028a. When a sentence begins with
there is, here are, or a similar phrase,
the real subject follows the verb. Use a
plural verb if the subject is plural.
There are over 50 applicants for this job.
Here are the budget analyses you asked for.
What are the criteria we should use?
Slide 10-44

1029. When a sentence contains a linking
verb (such as become or some form of to
be), make sure that the verb agrees with
the subject.
Bicycles are the only product we make.
The only product we make is bicycles.
The key issue is higher wages.
Higher wages are the key issue.
Slide 10-45

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1054a. Use one of the following
forms when a personal pronoun
is the subject of a verb.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
I
we
you
you
he, she, it
they
Marcia and I can do it. (NOT: Marcia and me.)

Slide 10-46

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
I
we
you
you
he, she, it
they
Ted and she did a fine job. (NOT: Ted and her.)
Slide 10-47

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
I
we
you
you
he, she, it
they
The Levys and we met yesterday.

(NOT: The Levys and us.)
Slide 10-48

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
forms when the personal pronoun
is the object of a verb.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
They invited my wife and me.

(NOT: my wife and I.)
Slide 10-49

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
is the indirect object.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
They gave Jim and me free tickets.

(NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-50

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1055b. Use one of the following
is the object of the preposition.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
They gave free tickets to Jim and me.

(NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-51

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1055c. Use one of the following
is the subject of an infinitive.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
She asked Sue and me to help her.

(NOT: Sue and I.)
Slide 10-52

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1055c. Use one of the following
is the object of an infinitive.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
me
us
you
you
him, her, it
them
Sam plans to invite the Kellys and me.

(NOT: the Kellys and I.)
Slide 10-53

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1056b. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
my
our
your
your
his, her, its

their
my computer
Slide 10-54
his daughter

our children
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1056b. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun immediately
precedes the noun it modifies.
Singular:
Plural:
your report
Slide 10-55
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
my
our
your
your
his, her, its

their
her son
their parents
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1056c. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun stands apart
from the noun it refers to.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
mine
ours
yours
yours
his, her, its

theirs
This computer is mine. Is this his or hers?

Slide 10-56

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1056c. Use one of the following possessive
forms when the pronoun stands apart
from the noun it refers to.
Singular:
Plural:
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
mine
ours
yours
yours
his, hers, its

theirs
That car is ours. Is this car yours or theirs?

Slide 10-57

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
1056e. Do not confuse certain possessive forms with certain contractions
that sound like personal pronouns.
POSSESSIVES
CONTRACTIONS
its
its (it is OR it has)
The firm is wasting

its time.
Its (It is) time to come

to a decision.
Slide 10-58

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES
CONTRACTIONS
your
youre (you are)
Your approach
makes sense.
Youre (You are)

approaching the
problem wisely.
Slide 10-59

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES
CONTRACTIONS
their
theyre (they are)

OR: therere (there are)
What do you think

of their plan?
Slide 10-60
Theyre (They are)

planning to close.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
POSSESSIVES
CONTRACTIONS
theirs
theres (there is
OR there has)
Theirs is the car

I like best.
Theres (There has) been

a change in Ben.
Slide 10-61

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049a. A pronoun must agree
with its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in
number, gender, and person.
I have my reasons, just as you have yours.
The company needs to review its discount
policy.
Slide 10-62

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049a. A pronoun must agree
with its antecedent (the word for
which the pronoun stands) in
number, gender, and person.
Amy says that she needs her own computer.
We must establish our position before they
release their report.
Slide 10-63

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049b. Use a plural pronoun
when the antecedent consists
of two nouns joined by and.
Wendy and Sue say that they will make
their presentations next Monday.
Slide 10-64

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049c. Use a singular pronoun
when the antecedent consists of
two singular nouns joined by or or nor.
Neither Wendy nor Sue will be ready to
make her presentation before next Monday.
Slide 10-65

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049c. Use a plural pronoun when
the antecedent consists of two plural
nouns joined by or or nor.
Either the Foxes or the Ryans will bring
their VCR.
Slide 10-66

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the
antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be
either masculine or feminine, use one
of the following forms as appropriate.
he or she
his or her
him or her
A manager needs to use much tact when

dealing with his or her subordinates.
Slide 10-67

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the
antecedent of a personal pronoun is a
singular noun or pronoun that could be
either masculine or feminine, use one
of the following forms as appropriate.
he or she
his or her
him or her
Everyone must submit his or her expense

report by noon.
Slide 10-68

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1052. If the use of he or she (or a
similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence.
Managers need to use much tact when
dealing with their subordinates.
A manager needs to use much tact
when dealing with subordinates.
Slide 10-69

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT
1052. If the use of he or she (or a
similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence.
All employees must submit their expense
reports by noon.
Everyone must submit an expense report
by noon.
Slide 10-70

COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS

forms to direct the action expressed
by the verb back to the subject.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
She bought herself a new VCR.

Slide 10-71


forms to direct the action expressed by
the verb back to the subject.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
They conducted themselves honorably.

Slide 10-72


forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
I myself will deal with the problem.

Slide 10-73


forms to emphasize a noun or
pronoun already expressed.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
We planned the party ourselves.

Slide 10-74


1060d. Do not use a compound personal
pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to
which it refers is in the same sentence.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
These copies are for Hal and me. (NOT: myself)

Slide 10-75


1060d. Do not use a compound personal
pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to
which it refers is in the same sentence.
FIRST
PERSON
SECOND
PERSON
THIRD
PERSON
Singular:
myself
yourself
himself,
herself, itself
Plural:
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Kate and I (NOT: myself) can resolve our problem.

Slide 10-76

INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE

PRONOUNS
1061a. Who, whom, whoever,
and whomever are:
Interrogative pronouns, used in
asking questions.
Relative pronouns, used to
introduce a clause referring to a
noun in the main clause.
Slide 10-77


PRONOUNS
1061c. Use who or whoever
as the subject of a verb.
Who gave you that information?
Chris is the one who gave me
that information.
Slide 10-78


PRONOUNS
1061d. Use whom or whomever as the
object of a verb or a preposition.
To whom should I distribute these copies?
Send the copies to whomever you wish.
Slide 10-79


PRONOUNS
1063. Use whose as the
possessive form of who.
Whose wallet is this?
Heres the phone number of the person
whose wallet you found.
Slide 10-80


PRONOUNS
1061c. To decide when to use who or
whom and whoever or whomever,
mentally rearrange the sentence
(as shown in parentheses below).
Who/Whom shall I say is calling?
(I shall say he is calling.)
Give this note to whoever/whomever asks for it.
(She asks for it.)
Slide 10-81


PRONOUNS
1061c. To decide when to use who or
whom and whoever or whomever,
mentally rearrange the sentence
(as shown in parentheses below).
Who/Whom are you going to vote for?
(You are going to vote for him.)
Vote for whoever/whomever you wish.
(You wish to vote for her.)
Slide 10-82


PRONOUNS
1063. Do not confuse whose (the
possessive form of who) with whos (a
contraction meaning who is or who has).
Whose/Whos book is this?
(This book is his.)
Whose/Whos the author?
(Shes the author.)
Slide 10-83

ADJECTIVES
An adjective is an expression that
answers questions like what kind,
how many, and which one.
What kind: excellent results
How many: four laptops
Which one: the latest data
Slide 10-84

ADJECTIVES
An adjective may be a single word, phrase,
clause, or compound modifier.
Single word: a powerful man
Phrase: a man of great power
Clause: a man who hungers for power
Compound modifier: a power-hungry man
Slide 10-85

ADJECTIVES
An adjective can modify
a noun or pronoun.
Noun: Wonderful news!
The news is wonderful!
Pronoun: Unlucky me.
I seem to be unlucky.
Slide 10-86

ADVERBS
An adverb is an expression that answers
questions like when, where, why, in
what manner, and to what extent.
When: Ill call you tomorrow.
Where: Lets meet here or in your office.
Why: I cant attend because of illness.
In what manner: Dont speak so fast.
To what extent: He talked much too long.
Slide 10-87

ADVERBS
An adverb may be a single
word, phrase, or clause.
Single word: Speak clearly.
Phrase: Speak in a clear voice.
Clause: Speak as clearly as you can.
Slide 10-88

ADVERBS
An adverb can modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
A verb: We closed the deal quickly.
An adjective: Carole seemed genuinely
pleased.
Another adverb: The meeting went
surprisingly well.
Slide 10-89

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

1065. Use an adverb (not an
adjective) to modify an adjective.
a really nice time
(NOT: a real nice time)
Slide 10-90


1066. Use an adverb (not an adjective)
to modify a verb that expresses action.
I was hurt badly in the collision.
(NOT: hurt bad)
Slide 10-91


1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb)
to modify the subject of a sentence when
the modifier follows a verb of the senses
(feel look, sound, taste, smell).
I feel bad. (NOT: badly)
She looked happy. (NOT: happily)
Slide 10-92


1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb)
to modify the subject of a sentence when
the modifier follows a linking verb (some
form of be, seem, appear, and become).
Joe seemed friendly.
We became suspicious.
Slide 10-93


1071. Adjectives and adverbs
have three forms: positive, comparative, and superlative.
ADJECTIVE
Positive:
thin
Comparative:
thinner
Superlative:
thinnest
Slide 10-94


1071a, e. Adjectives and adverbs of one
syllable (like soon below) form the comparative by adding er and the superlative by
adding est. A few form the comparative and
the superlative irregularly (like good below).
Positive:
Comparative:
Superlative:
Slide 10-95
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE
soon
sooner
soonest
good
better
best


1071b. Adjectives and adverbs of two
syllables usually form the comparative and
the superlative in one of two ways.
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS
happy
famous
happier more famous
happiest most famous
early
often
earlier less often
earliest least often
Slide 10-96


1071c. Adjectives and adverbs of three
syllables form the comparative and the
superlative as follows.
ADJECTIVES
ADVERBS
competent
less competent
least competent
carefully
more carefully
most carefully
Slide 10-97


1071g. When referring to two persons,
places, or things, use the comparative
form. When referring to more than
two, use the superlative form.
Kate is the taller of my two
daughters.
Jim is the tallest of my three sons.
Jim is taller than John or Chris.
Slide 10-98


Trudy is the most helpful person on the staff.
Trudy is more helpful than anyone else on the staff.
(NOT: . . . more helpful than anyone on the staff.)
Slide 10-99


Chicago is the largest city in Illinois.
Chicago is larger than any other city in Illinois.
(NOT: . . . larger than any city in Illinois.)
Slide 10-100


1071i. When making comparisons,
be sure to compare like things.
This years sales are better than last years.
(NOT: This years sales are better than last
year.)
Slide 10-101

PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it
to some other word in the sentence. Here
are some common prepositions, followed
in each case by an appropriate object.
above the clouds
before noon
up the river
below the surface
after the party
down the drain
Slide 10-102

PREPOSITIONS
to some other word in the sentence. Here
are some common prepositions, followed
from all of us
for the last time
to the airport
against my wishes
between you and me
among the three of us
Slide 10-103

PREPOSITIONS
to some other word in the sentence. Here are
some common prepositions, followed
under the circumstances
over the hill
through the years
Slide 10-104
with every order

without a doubt
during the nineties

PREPOSITIONS
across the room
by all means
behind the door
Slide 10-105
in the meantime
out the door
at your convenience

PREPOSITIONS
on one hand until next year
of every kind
off the wall
since last week
Slide 10-106
about 6 p.m.
PREPOSITIONS
1078. Omit unnecessary prepositions.
Where is she [at]?
The carton fell off [of] the truck.
Lets focus [in] on the real problem.
I couldnt help [from] laughing.
The strike is now over [with].
Slide 10-107

PREPOSITIONS
1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
I just bought a couple of CDs.
(NOT: a couple CDs.)
We dont stock that type of filter.
(NOT: that type filter.)
Slide 10-108

PREPOSITIONS
1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
She appears in movies, in plays, and on TV.

(NOT: She appears in movies, plays, and on TV.)
Slide 10-109

SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
1081a. Express parallel
ideas in parallel form.
Wrong: The program was stimulating
and a challenge.
Right: The program was stimulating
and challenging.
Slide 10-110

Wrong: This scanner is easy to operate,
efficient, and it is relatively inexpensive.
Right: This scanner is easy to operate,
efficient, and relatively inexpensive.
Slide 10-111

Poor: This article will discuss:
1. How to deal with corporate
politics.
2. Coping with stress.
3. What the managers role
should be.
Slide 10-112

Better: This article will discuss:
1. Ways to deal with corporate
politics.
2. Techniques of coping with stress.
3. The role of the manager.
Slide 10-113

DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS
1082a. When a sentence begins with a
participial phrase that expresses an action,
make sure that the subject of the sentence is
the doer of the action that is expressed
in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will dangle.
Wrong: Having studied your cost estimates, a few
questions have occurred to me.
Right: Having studied your cost estimates, I would
like to ask you a few questions.
Slide 10-114

1082b. When a sentence begins with an
infinitive phrase that expresses an action,
make sure that the subject of the sentence is
the doer of the action that is expressed
in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the
opening phrase will dangle.
Wrong: To obtain this free booklet, the enclosed
coupon should be mailed in.
Right: To obtain this free booklet, you should
mail in the enclosed coupon.
Slide 10-115

1082c. When a sentence begins with a
prepositional-gerund phrase that expresses
an action, make sure that the subject of the
sentence is the doer of the action that is
expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will dangle.
Wrong: In analyzing the data, a few errors
were found.
Right: In analyzing the data, I found a few
errors.
Slide 10-116

USAGE
1101. a lotalot
Thanks a lot.
(NOT: Thanks alot.)
Slide 11-1

USAGE
1101. aof
Its been kind of cold.
(NOT: Its been kinda cold.)
What sort of car did you buy?
(NOT: What sort a car. . . )
Slide 11-2

USAGE
1101. affecteffect
His memo will not affect (change) my
decision.
His memo will have no effect (impact) on
my decision.
How can we effect (bring about) a change
in his decision?
Slide 11-3

USAGE
1101. amountnumber
a large amount of sugar (wood, steel, etc.;
things referred to in bulk)
a large number of people (orders, etc.;
things referred to as separate items)
Slide 11-4

USAGE
1101. awhilea while
wait awhile
Slide 11-5
wait for a while a while back

USAGE
1101. betweenamong
divided between the two of us

divided among the three of us
Slide 11-6

USAGE
1101. fartherfurther
We drove farther (in actual distance)
than we planned.
Lets discuss your idea further (to a
greater extent).
Slide 11-7

USAGE
1101. fewerless
fewer accidents (or any other plural noun)

less energy (or any other singular noun)
Slide 11-8

USAGE
1101. ofhave
I could have helped you.
(NOT: I could of helped you.)
You should have let me.
(NOT: You should of let me.)
Slide 11-9

USAGE
1101. sometimesometimessome time
Lets get together sometime (at an
unspecified time) soon.
Sometimes (now and then) we go to Hawaii
for a month.
It will take some time (a period of time) to
finish the job.
Slide 11-10

USAGE
1101. supposed to
What was I supposed to think?

(NOT: What was I suppose to think?)
Slide 11-11

USAGE
1101. used to
We used to go to Nova Scotia every summer.
(NOT: We use to go to Nova Scotia every
summer.)
Slide 11-12

INFORMATION
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