BRICKS &

STONES
Made by:
Yash Dhabalia (U11CE003)
Abhilash Kumar (U11CE004)
Prashant Kumar (U11CE061)
Kush Chaudhary (U09CE024)

WHAT IS A BRICK??
Bricks may be defined as
artificial material obtained by
moulding clay in rectangular
blocks of uniform size, which
are finally dried and burnt at
high temperature to form a
dense and compact product.

BRICK COMPOSITION
According to IS:2117, the following is the
composition of a good brick earth.

Silica (sand) - 50% to 60% by weight

Alumina (clay) - 20% to 30% by weight
Lime - 2 to 5% by weight
Iron oxide - 5 to 6% (not greater than 7%) by
weight
Magnesia - less than 1% by weight

BRICK SIZE
STANDARD BRICKS
A=19 cm
B=9 cm
C=9 cm
ACTUAL BRICKS (avail. In
market)
A=22.8 cm
B=107 cm
C=69 cm

MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
Site
selection
Clay
preparation

Moulding

Drying

Burning

PREPARATION OF CLAY

MOULDING OF BRICKS
Moulding of Brick: The
raw material is dug from
pits, crushed, ground, and
screened to reduce it to a
fine constituency - Then
it is tempered with water
to produce a plastic clay
for forming into brick

MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
The three methods of forming commonly used are:
Soft Mud Process: A relatively moist clay (containing 20% to 30% of
water) is pressed into molds, either by hand or machine - The mold
may be dipped in water (water-struck bricks) or dusted with fine sand
(sand-struck bricks) before filling it with clay
Dry press bricks are formed with clays that shrink excessively during
drying - Is mixed with minimum amount of water(10%)
Stiff mud Process: Most widely used process nowadays - contains 12
% to 15% of water - passed through vacuum to remove any pocket of
air, and then extruded through a rectangular die to form bricks

DRYING

BURNING OF BRICKS:
Bricks are burnt either in a
periodic kiln or a continuous
tunnel kiln - In a periodic kiln
bricks are loaded in after initial
drying, fired, cooled, and
unloaded; and the process is
repeated after a certain period (say
a month) - In a continuous tunnel
kiln the bricks are loaded onto
special railcars that pass
continuously through various
processes to emerge at the other
end fully burned.

QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICKS

Appearance

Strength

Hard and
sound

Well defined
rectangular shape

It should take
load of the
structure

Should not leave

any mark when
scratched by
thumbnail

Uniform red
color

Min. crushing
strength
100kg/sq.cm

When 2 bricks
struck together it
should give good
metallic sound

Sharp edges

Should not break

when allowed to
fall from 1.25 m
height

Durability
Should resist the
effects of
weathering

QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICKS

Porosity
It should not absorb
more than 20%
water of its weight
when immersed for
24 hours

Efflorescence

Resistance to
fire

Should not contain

alkaline salts which
gives rise to
efflorescence

Should resist
temperature of about
1200 C

TYPES OF BRICKS:
CLAY BRICKS:
The soft mud method is the most
common, as it is the most
economical. It starts with the raw
clay, preferably in a mix with 25-30%
sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is
first grinded and mixed with water to
the desired consistency. The clay is
then pressed into steel moulds with
a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is
then fired ("burned") at 900-1000 C
to achieve strength.

TYPES OF BRICKS:
CONCRETE BLOCKS:
Bricks of concrete with sand aggregate can
be made using a simple machine, and a
basic assembly line method. A conveyor
belt adds the mixture to a machine, which
pours a measured amount of concrete into a
form. The form is vibrated to remove
bubbles. The form is then raised to reveal
the wet bricks, spaced out on a plywood
sheet. A small elevator then stacks these
palettes, after which a forklift operator
moves them to the brickyard for drying.

TYPES OF BRICKS:
FLY ASH BRICKS
Fly ash brick (FAB) is a building material, specifically masonary units,
containing class C fly ash and water. Compressed at 28 MPa (272 atm) and
cured for 24 hours in a 66 C steam bath, then toughened with an air
entrainment agent, the bricks last for more than 100 freeze-thaw cycles.
Owing to the high concentration of calcium oxide in class C fly ash, the
brick is described as "self-cementing". The manufacturing method saves
energy, reduces mercury pollution, and costs 20% less than traditional clay
brick manufacturing.

TYPES OF BRICKS:
AUTOCLAVED AERATED
CONCRETE (AAC):
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete(AAC), also known
as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC), autoclaved
lightweight
concrete (ALC), autoclaved
concrete, cellular concrete, porous concrete was
invented in the mid-1920s by the Swedish
architect and inventor Johan Axel Eriksson. It is a
lightweight, precast building material that
simultaneously provides structure, insulation, and
fire- and mold-resistance. AAC products include
blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and
lintels.

COMPOSITION OF AAC :
Fly ash: 70 % by weight
Cement: 20% by weight
Lime: 8% by weight
Gypsum ,Al. powder &
water: 2% by weight

COMPARISION TABLE

DEFECTS IN BRICKS

Corrosion of embedded fixtures

Crystallization of salts from bricks
Shrinkage on dying
Sulphate attack

Cellular Lightweight Concrete bricks

Manufacturing Of CLC
Blocks
It was formed as a result of reaction of Aluminium on a
proportionate blend of Lime, Cement & Fly ash; the hydrogen
gas that escapes creates millions of tiny air cells giving it a
strong honeycomb like structure.
It is further strengthened by High pressure steam curing in
Autoclaves.
AAC consists 80% air by volume, making it lightest available
Walling Material (weighs 1/4th that of clay bricks).

Advantages of CLC Blocks

Thermal Insulation: Highest thermal rating in the industry
R30.
Environmentally Sound
Earthquake forces on structure are proportional to the weight
of the building, hence AAC shows excellent resistant to
earthquake forces.
Fire Resistant : Its unique cellular structure provides
excellent fire rating. The melting point of AAC is over 1600
degree Celsius, more than twice the typical temperature in
building fire 650 degree Celsius.

SUMMARY

CLAY BRICK

FLY ASH
BRICK

ACC
BLOCK

CONCRETE
BLOCK

SIZE

19 X 9 X 9

19 X 9 X 9

24 X 10 X 10

40 X 20 X 20

COST (Rs)

6.5 - 8

6-8

9 - 11

6-8

STONES

WHAT IS A STONE??
A stone is a small piece of
rock of any shape.

TYPES OF STONES:
Limestone:
It is a sedimentary rock composed
largely of the minerals calcite
and aragonite, which are different
crystal forms of calcium
carbonate(CaCO3).
Limestone has numerous uses:
as a building material, as aggregate
for the base of roads, as white
pigment or filler in products such
as toothpaste or paints.

TYPES OF STONES:
Kota Stone:
It is a fine-grained variety
of limestone, quarried
at Kota district, Rajasthan.
It is an excellent building
stone. It is mainly used
for exteriors, pathways,
balconies, flooring, wall
fixing.

TYPES OF STONES:
Sandstone:
It is a clastic sedimentary
rock composed mainly of sandsized minerals or rock grains.
Most sandstones are composed
of quartz.
Sandstone was a popular
building material from ancient
times. It is relatively soft,
making it easy to carve.

TYPES OF STONES:
Granite:
It is a common type
of intrusive, igneous
rock which is granular in
texture. This rock consists
mainly of quartz & mica.
It is used in kitchen ,window
border ,table top etc.

TYPES OF STONES:
Marble :
It is a non foliated metamorphic
rock composed of recrystallized
carbonate minerals, most
commonly calcite or dolomite.
Marble is commonly used
for sculpture and as
a building material.

TYPES OF MARBLES:
Mango Onyx

White onyx

TYPES OF MARBLES:
Venatino Australian White
marble

Pure marble

TYPES OF MARBLES:
Some other types are:
1. Makrana,
2. Rajnagar Marble,
3. Slumber Marble,
4. Yellow Marble. etc

TYPES OF STONES:
Quartz stone:
These stones have hard surface.
Quartz stones are used in kitchen ,
flooring , bathroom.
Generally these are 12 to 20 mm
thick.
There are 4 major companies which manufacture quartz
stone: Asian, Euro ceramics ltd.,Kalinga Stones, H & R
Johnson.

CUTTING OF STONE:

FINISHING OF STONES:

DEFECTS IN STONEWORK
CRACKS
PATCH
LINE
COLOUR VARIATION
PATTERN VARIATION
STAINING
HOLES

COMPARISON
STONES

BRICKS

Uniform size and shape

Easily Available
Low in cost
Available in limited
colours
Weaker than stones
More Fire resistant
Less durability than
stones

Irregular size and shape

Not available easily
Expensive than bricks
Available in many colours
Stones are tougher
Less fire resistant than
bricks
More Durability than
bricks.

STONES AND THEIR PRICES:

Stone
COST
(per sq.
ft.)

Pure Mango White Venatino

marble onyx
onyx
white

Kota
stone

Granite

30-45

30-55

100200

1700

1700

275

Stone

Composite

Quartz

COST
(per sq. ft.)

150-300

250-500

THANK YOU