Have neutrons, protons, and

electrons.
Protons are positively charged
Electrons are negatively charged

Are located on the outer edges of

atomsthey can be moved.
A concentration of electrons in an
atom creates a net negative
charge.
If electrons are stripped away, the
atom becomes positively charged.

+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
-

The build up of an electric charge

on the surface of an object.
The charge builds up but does not
flow.
Static electricity is potential
energy. It does not move. It is
stored.

Occurs when there is a loss of

static electricity due to three
possible things:

Friction - rubbing
Conduction direct contact
Induction through an electrical
field (not direct contact)

Current: The flow of electrons from

one place to another.
Measured in amperes (amps)
Kinetic energy

With circuits.
Circuit: is a path for the flow of
electrons. We use wires.

Static electricity is stationary or collects on the surface of

an object, whereas current electricity is flowing very
rapidly through a conductor.

The flow of electricity in current

electricity has electrical pressure or
voltage. Electric charges flow from an
area of high voltage to an area of low
voltage.

Water pressure and voltage behave in

similar ways.

Direct Current (DC) Where

electrons flow in the same
direction in a wire.

Alternating Current (AC) electrons

flow in different directions in a wire

Series Circuit: the components are

lined up along one path. If the
circuit is broken, all components
turn off.

Parallel Circuit there are several

branching paths to the
components. If the circuit is
broken at any one branch, only the
components on that branch will
turn off.

Conductors material through

which electric current flows easily.

Insulators materials through

which electric current cannot
move.

Conductors:

Metal
Water

Insulators:

Rubber
Plastic
Paper

The opposition to the flow of an

electric current, producing heat.
The greater the resistance, the less
current gets through.
Good conductors have low
resistance.
Measured in ohms.

The measure of energy given to

the charge flowing in a circuit.
The greater the voltage, the
greater the force or pressure that
drives the charge through the
circuit.

Resistance = Voltage / Current

Ohms = Volts / Amps

V= IR

I =V/R

R=V/I

What is magnetism?
Magnetism is the properties and interactions of

magnets
The earliest magnets were found naturally in the mineral
magnetite which is abundant the rock-type lodestone.
These magnets were used by the ancient peoples as
compasses to guide sailing vessels.

Magnets produce magnetic forces and have

magnetic field lines

The earth is like a giant magnet!

The nickel iron core of the earth gives the earth a
magnetic field much like a bar magnet.

USUALLY MADE OF IRON

EVERY MAGNET HAS A NORTH AND SOUTH

POLES

LIKE SIMILAR CHARGES REPEL

OPPOSITES ATTRACT

OBJECTS THAT CAN BE MAGNETIZED

(IRON, COBALT, NICKEL)

3 TYPES OF MAGNETS
LODESTONE NATURAL (PERMANENT)
ARTIFICAL INDUCED
ELECTROMAGNET temporary magnets
produced by moving electric current

Ferromagnetic
material such as
iron attracts
magnetic lines of
induction, whereas
nonmagnetic
material such as
copper does not.

Demonstration of
magnetic lines of
force with iron
filings

NORTH &
SOUTH POLES

If a single magnet
is broken into
smaller and
smaller pieces,
baby magnets
result

A moving charge creates a magnetic field

When a charged particle is in motion a magnetic

force field perpendicular to the motion is created

ELECTROMAGNETIS
M

A MOVING CHARGE CREATES A MAGNETIC

FIELD

Current flow direction of

thumb
Magnetic filed fingers

SOLENOID: Current
flowing through coil of
wire

Putting a magnet in the

middle of the coil of wire
increases the strength of
the electromagnets
magnetic field

A coil of wire is a helix

Supplied with current it is a
solenoid
Add an iron core simple form of
ELECTROMAGNET

What is an electromagnet?
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire
wrapped around a metal core, a very strong magnetic
field is produced. This is called an electromagnet.

Faraday discovered that the

magnetic lines of force and the
wire must have a motion
relative to each other to
induce an electrical current

Moving a wire through a magnetic

field will induce a current
(Faraday)
Wire or field can move
Moving a magnet through a coil of
wire will induce an electrical
current

Increase the Strength of field or

size of magnet
Increase the SPEED of motion
Change the ANGLE (more
perpendicular)
Increase the Number of Turns of
coil

MOVING A BAR
MAGNET THROUGH
A COIL OF WIRE
WILL INDUCE A
CURRENT TO FLOW
THROUGH THAT
WIRE

What are electric motors?

An electric motor is a device which changes electrical
energy into mechanical energy.

How does an electric motor work?

A generator is a device that uses induction to

convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

A transformer is a device used to change the

voltage in a circuit. AC currents must be used.

75,000 V in the
power lines

p = primary
s = secondary

120 V in your
house

Transformers are
extremely useful
because they
efficiently change
voltage and current,
while providing the
same total power.
The transformer uses
electromagnetic
induction, similar to
a generator.