NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS

(NGN)

Content Development Team:

The contents of this course are developed by the
following Instructors:
Mr. Syed Irfan Sohail
Dr. Mustafa Shakir
Mr. Muhammad Siddique
Mr. Sajjid-ur-Rehman
Mr. Qasim Mansoor Jilali
Mr. Farrukh S. Babar
Mr. Irfan Khalid
Mr. Muhammad Hussain
Mr. Shahab Ahmad Niazi
Mr. M. Asharf Javed
Mr. Kashif Jamil
Mr. Salahuddin
2

Course Objectives:

At the end of this course the participants are expected to:

Identify differences in legacy networks & Next Generation Networks

Describe NGN Architecture and NGN Services
Describe NGN Signaling protocols and their workings
Identify media gateways and their connectivity
Describe current and future NGN trends regarding Multimedia Services

Traditional Networks and their

Services

Traditional networks Services

Voice Services:
Basic telephony
ISDN (Digital services)
Mobile Telephony

Video Services:
Video telephony
Cable TV
Video On Demand

Data Services:
Site-to Site Connectivity
Internet Access

Legacy/Traditional Networks
Traditional circuit switches:
-Meant for voice services
-Connectivity & switching
-Short Holding time
Circuit switches for Data Calls:
-Internet calls
-Longer Holding time
-Less bandwidth and less
revenue
Focus shifted from basic telephony and supplementary to Multimedia
Services for users from any place and at any time

Traditional networks Services

Services
Transport
& Access

Advantage: Beneficial as a standalone systems and solutions

Disadvantage:
High operational cost
Slow to deploy
Different devices are required for different services
7

Traditional PSTN Voice networks

Access n/w

Access n/w
Switches

PSTN designed for POTS, basic copper wire line voice service
8

Traditional Data networks

Head Office

Virtual
Connections

Branch Office
Frame Relay
ATM
IP
Branch Office

Branch Office

Public Data Networks: Providing data/LAN Connectivity

9

Traditional Mobile networks

OMC

HLR

VL
R

MSC

Fixed Network

BSC

GMSC

BTSs

Public Land Mobile Network:

Providing voice services to
mobile
and Fixed networks
10

Traditional Internet network

Servers

Internet: Data services exclusively, packet switched network

with some other services
11

Complicated Legacy Traditional Network

MSC2
MSC3

Slower deployment of
new service

High CAPEX
MSC1

MSC4
MSC5

MSC6
MSC..

MSC7

More complicated
networking and
construction

MSC8

High OPEX

Need more investment on sites and accessories

Need more staff for O&M

Too many sites!

Need more transmissions for inter-connecting

Need more time for service deployment and O&M
12

Telecom Service Requirements and

Future Trends
2002-2007
Voice

SMS
5%

SMS

Voice
95%

MMS
Info Services + surf
Location Services
Transactions
Business Data

Voice
58%

Machine to Machine
Multi Media

13

Future Trends

14

Future Trends
1990
2010
Simple

1995
Multi-service
Multi-protocol

2000

2005
Integration

All in IP evolution
Circuit switching- packet switching- All in IP 3GPP R5R6, 3GPP2 Phase0-Phase3

15

NGN Evolution & its Overview

16

New services evolution

Desire for a new platform:

User requirements increasedmore bandwidth
Technology growthintelligent nodes, switches
Fast & reliable exchange of informationhigh transmission speed

Arrival of new Telecom services, fast packet switching and enhanced VVD laid
the foundation of a New Generation of Networks or NGN for new generation of
services

17

What is NGN?
NGN is Voice Over IP, bypassing the regular switches
to save the investment on Switches and Trunks.
NGN is network convergent technology, combining
wireline (PSTN), wireless (GSM, CDMA and 3G) and
packet data network together, for integrated voice,
data and multimedia services.
NGN is a flat telephone network over Packet Data
Network, instead of traditional Hierarchy structured
telephone network with reduced investment.

18

Why NGN
Increased demand for bandwidth is not possible through
existing PSTN.
Requirement for new services.
Telecom operators wants to reduce the OPEX and
CAPEX (Need one common network for all services).
Future proof network to handle Voice, Data and
Multimedia.
Optimising and simplifying transmission links.

19

NGN - Drivers
Demands for
new services
Cope with
IP & mobile
environment

competition

Next
NextGeneration
Generation
Networks
Networks

Diversity in Technologies

Operation Cost
QoS configurability
& verification

Meet capacity
On-demand request

Rapid
Rapidintroduction
introductionof
ofnew
newtechnology
technology
Voice/Data
Voice/Data and
andwire/wireless
wire/wirelessintegrated
integratedmanagement
management
Interoperability:
Interoperability:Multi-vendor
Multi-vendorequipment
equipment
20

Legacy Networks & NGN

Public
PublicData
Datanetwork
network

SERVICE

ACCESS

CATV
CATV

VIDEO

NGN Core Network

data

IP/MPLS Multi-Service Bearer

data

Copper

VIDEO

DATA

VOICE

VOICE

SERVICE

ACCESS

GSM/CDMA
GSM/CDMA

SERVICE

ACCESS

PSTN
PSTN

VOICE

Legacy Networks were dedicated and

isolated networks with service specific
signaling and routing for service connection
Limited Broadband and Multimedia services
High OPEX
High Service cost
Long Service provision time
Inefficient O&M
Too many sites, too many types of nodes
Outdated and aged Exchanges

Optical

Wireless

NGN has a common IP core and provide nomadically

accessible IP applications regardless of a specific
access link or user device
Provide integrated services instead of limited service
Centralized management and simple network structure,
reduce OPEX
OPEX Saving from reduction of transmission, room
space, O&M center, etc.
Realize the fast and cost effective new service
deployment.
Pave the way to all-IP network

21

Voice and Data Networks

22

Centralized vs Distributed Architecture

Centralized Model

Distributed Model

O&M

Charging

O&M

Application
Servers

Charging
Basic & Supplementary
Telephony services

SoftSwitch

Phone

T
D
M

Time Slot
Switching

POTS

Line
Card

H.323/SIP

H.248/MGCP

Call Control

Trunk
Card

T
D
M

IP

Packet Network

T
D
M

IP

MG
IP Phone

23

Harmonization thru Standardization

24

Characteristics of NGN
Packet-based transfer
Separation of control functions among bearer
capabilities, call/session, and application/
service
Decoupling of service provision from network,
and provision of open interfaces
Support for a wide range of services and
applications
Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS

25

Characteristics of NGN
Interworking

with legacy networks via open

interfaces
Generalized mobility
Unrestricted access by users to different
service providers
Converged services between Fixed/Mobile
Compliant with all Regulatory requirements,
for example concerning emergency
communications and security/privacy, etc

26

NGN Solution Benefits

Structured
network
architecture,
evolution, variety of services available

smooth

Rapid Service provisioning

Cost-effective multi-service access

One IP based multi-service bearer network

Retain/expand customer base and increase ARPU

(Average Revenue Per User)

FMC-Fixed Mobile Convergence Synergy

IMS Ready
27

NGN Solution Benefits

OPEX Savings
Reduction in number of Switching nodes and
transmission links
Replacement of obsolescent equipment with new
generation IP Solutions
Lower OPEX for new NGN nodes: easier network reengineering, less power consumption, less space
needed

CAPEX Savings
Pay as you grow for Network expansion
28

Contrast between PSTN and NGN

Intelligent Service Server

SoftSwitch

Switching Array

IP Core

Trunk Module

Trunk
Gateway

Trunk
Gateway

Service Server

CPU

Trunk
Gateway

Signaling
Module
SS7
Signaling
Gateway

User
Access Module

User Access
Gateway
29

Evolution from PSTN to NGN

Soft switch
Packet core
network

Tandem /toll
exchange

Call control
Core switch
Trunk gateway

LE

IN

App Server

NMS

Soft switch

Policy Service

Soft switch

Packet core
network

ISUP SG
STP

LE

WMG (Wireless Media Gateway)

TMG
switch

PSTN

AMG

IAD

PC
Phone

SIP H.323
Phone Phone

PLMN

30

PSTN Transit Office Optimization & Reconstruction Solution

PSTN
Gateway

Toll Operation
Office System SCP

NGN
APP server
Softswitch

APP
E1/SDH/SONET
MS
Transit
Office 1

LS

MS
Transit
Office 2

NMS

iHLR

FE/GE

IP Network

Transit Office to beReconstructed

FE/GE

FE/GE

Media Gateway

Tandem Office to
be-Reconstructed
L
S

Billing &
Customer Care

Media gateay

E1

V5.2
LS

E1

LS

Twistedpair
Cable

LS

OLT

AN or Remote Unit

MSAN

ONU Optical ONU

Transmission
ONU

AN

OLT

ONU OpticalONU
Transmission
ONU

31

Remote Module

PSTN End-Office Optimization and Reconstruction Solution

Gateway

Toll
Office

PSTN
OS

NGN

APP

SS

SCP

NMS
iHLR

APP

FE/GE

MSG7200 TG
MSG 9000

Tandem
Office

LE

LE

Data Network

FE/GE

E1/SDH/SONET
SG7200 SG

FE/GE
Media Gateway

E1/SDH/SONET
Reconstructe
d End Office V5.2
V5.2

AN or
Remote Unit

OLT

Subscriber

Remote Module

ONU MSANONU

Twisted-pair Cable

ONU

Twisted-pair Cable

End Office to beReconstructed

E1/MSTP/Build-in
PDH/Build-in SDH

OLT

ONU AN ONU
ONU

Billing &
Customer
Care

Twisted-pair Cable
Twisted-pair Cable

ISDN Subscriber

DSLSubscriber

ISDN Subscriber
DSL Subscriber

32

DSL Subscriber

NGN Architecture/Layer
description and NGN Trends

33

NGN Architecture
Characteristics of Next Generation Network:
NGN is designed with an open network
framework.
NGN adopts the hierarchical architecture,
which is divided into media access layer,
transport layer, control layer and
service/application layer.
NGN is based on standard protocols and
packet switching network.

34

NGN Hierarchical Architecture

Service/Application Layer
Service Management
Control Layer

Network Control
Transport Layer
Core Switch
Edge Access

Media Access Layer

35

Access Layer
Interworks between Core Packet Transport
layer and various existing communication
networks.
Provides access of various communication
terminals such as analog phone, SIP Phone,
PC Phone visual terminal and intelligent
terminals to the Core Packet Transport layer
via various access gateways

36

Core Transport Layer

The packet switching network composed

of backbone transmission equipments
such as IP router or broadband ATM
switch as the bearer basis of the
softswitch system.

37

NGN Control Layer

The control Layer combines the equipment
that manages signaling and call control
progress.
The control handles the call setup and
controls the media gateways.
Major components at this layer are the softswitches.
38

Application Layer
Layer with various applications and
services such as client oriented
integrated intelligent services and
service customization.

39

NGN Network Architecture

Service
Management

iOSS

Network
Control

Soft Switch

RADIUS
Server

MRS

SCP

Soft Switch

Packet Core Network

Core
Switching

Edge
Access

Policy Application Location

Server
Server
Server

IAD
AMG
BroadBand
Access

SG

TMG

UMG

UMG

PSTN

PLMN/3G

40

Huawei U-SYS Network Architecture

Service Layer

iManager OSS
Location
N2000
Server

Control Layer

MRS6100

IN

SoftX3000 SoftX3000

IP Core

Core Switch Layer

Access Layer

Policy ENIP
Server

IAD
AMG5000
Broadband
Access

Video GW
UMG8900

SG7000
UMG8900

PSTN

STP

switch

PSTN

3G Access

UMG8900

PLMN

SIP/H.323 U-Path
Open Eye
Phone
2G
3G
Terminal
Terminal

41

ZTE NGN Architecture

ZXUP10 APP
Service

SCP

Router Server

Application
Server

AAA Server

ZXSS10 SS1

Control

Softswitch

IP Router/ATM switch

Core Packet Network

ZXSS10
S100

SS7
Network

ZXSS10 SS1

Softswitch

Core
Transport

Access

Policy Server

SG

ZXSS10
M100

TG

ZXSS10
A200

NAS

H323
GW

PSTN/ISDN

AG

IP PBX

ZXSS10
IAD Series

MSAG

IAD

Wireless

Broadband
Access

42

WAG

PSTN Access
Softswitch

APP

NMS

IP Core

SG

TG

PSTN

43

PSTN-IP Toll Traffic Splitting Solution

Softswitch Control
Device

Control Stream

SIP-T

Media Stream

IPConnection
TDM Connection

FE/GE
IP Bearer Network

Signalling
Gateway

FE/GE

Signaling
gateway

FE/GE
TDM Bearer Network

SG TS

TS

TG

SG
TG

HSTP

CityA PSTN

LSTP
MS

MS

CityB PSTN

LSTP

LS
LS

44

Next Generation Network -Future

ENIP

Convergence Broadband

NMS

APP Server 3rd Party

Intelligence

User Profile Center

Softswitch
Resource Manager

Signaling GW
SS7/TDM

Multi Service Edge Route

PSTN

Resource Manager

IP Core Network

Multi Service Edge Route

Metro Optical Backhaul

SS7/V5.2/TDM
Media GW

XDSL/LAN/POTS

MSAN

LAN
AP

IPTV SipPhone Internet

Softphone
POTS

Residential

IAD

POTS

AP

SoftphoneSIP

Enterprise

Phone

FMC

Mobile Scenario

45

Convergence-oriented
ENIP

Centralized user profile

center and application layer
for service convergence and
fast service deployment

NMS

User Profile Center

Softswitch

Shared converged IP
network for voice, data and
mobile

IP Core Network

Convergence

Metro Optical Backhaul

XDSL/LAN/POTS
LAN

MSAN
AP

IPTV SipPhone Internet

Softphone
POTS

Residential

IAD

AP

Softphone

POTS

SIP Phone

Enterprise

FMC

Unified multi-service access

node for diversified
services, decreasing the
number of access node,

From multi-network to multi-service Network

46

Broadband-oriented
ENIP

NMS

Softswitch

User Profile Center

IP Core Network
Broadband

Constructing high QoS

network with large
bandwidth

Metro Optical Backhaul

XDSL/LAN/POTS

Broadband

LAN

MSAN
AP

IPTV SipPhone Internet

IAD

Softphone

Softphone
POTS

Residential

AP

SIP Phone

Introduce various broadband

access methods to support
broadband service
deployment

FMC

POTS

Enterprise

From Narrowband to Broadband

47

Intelligence-oriented
ENIP

NMS

APP Server

3rd Party

Intelligence

Centralized user profile

center, session control
and application layer
Bring intelligence to
whole network

User Profile Center

Softswitc
h

IP Core Network

Support fast unified

service deployment

Metro Optical Backhaul

XDSL/LAN/POTS

Broadband

LAN

MSAN
AP

IPTV SipPhone Internet

IAD

Softphone

SIP Phone

Softphone
POTS

Residential

AP

POTS

Enterprise

From Intelligent Network to Network Intelligence

48

Next Generation Networks

Signaling Protocols

49

SIGNALING PROTOCOLS
IN
NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
H.323, SIP, MGCP, SIG-TRAN ETC

50

NGN What it actually is..

A services oriented network
Focus is on services

Separation of services from Call Control

Switching & connectivity headaches are no
more in switches

Services are independent of the Network

All services are independent of network
control

Open and Integrated

Multivendor environment designed by IUT &
IETF
51

Distributed Intelligence of
NGN
Telephony world

Internet world

Centralized Intelligence

Intelligence Driven by CPE

Distributed & Effective

Intelligence
NGN Services

52

NGN Values
Distributed and Open architecture

Hierarchical architecture: four Layers

It has an independent Network control Layer

Easy Interfacing: for multiple vendor Gateways

Based on Packet Switching and Standard Protocols

It is a brand-new network integrating Voice, data

and video services

53

Quantifying the NGN

Network operators should:

Build on Core Competencies related to

traditional transport services
Eliminate inefficient current service-specific,
proprietary solutions
Enable carriers to deploy advanced
services(all IP multimedia)

54

Signaling in
Telecommunications
Signaling:

used for establishing, controlling and

monitoring the connections among networks and the
end devices

Provides the means (paths, ways or directions)

to exchange Connection-related information
Was simple in case of only voice
Became complex with Value Added &
Supplementary services
55

Signaling in NGN
NGN signaling protocols: H.323, H.248, SIP, MGCP, Sig
Tran, etc

User to User
Media Gateway Controller to MGWC
User to MGWC and MGWC to user
User to Soft switch and vice-versa
Signaling Transport Protocol:
(Sigtran)
PSTN to NGN Internetworking

MGWC Protocol: H.248/MEGACO

Control of Media Gateways &
media (voice, video) coding

Session Description Protocol: SDP

Characteristics of Audio/Video

56

H.323 Signaling in NGN

Version 1June 1996
Multimedia conferencing on LAN,
Defined network elements & Call model

Version 2February 1998

More efficient procedures
Authentication, encryption and security H.235

Version 3 September 1999

Expanded supplementary services H.450

Version 5 June 2003

Improved robustness, recovery from signaling errors
Use of DNS, URLs within H.323

57

H.323 Functions and standard

references
System and component Descriptions H.323
Call Model Description
H.323
System Control
Packetization, message formats,
channel negotiations

H.225(Q.931)
H.245

Audio Coding, Compression

standards,

G.711, G.722, code

G.723, G.729

Video Coding, compression

H.261, H.263

ISDN(video phones)

58

H.323 Components
H.323 defines four major components
for packet based communications:
Terminal, Gateway, Gatekeeper, Multipoint Control Unit
MCU

Gateway

Packet based N/W

Terminal

Gatekeeper

Terminal

Terminal

59

H.323 Components
Terminals: Client endpoints in network say IP phones, PCs. Must
support audio, G.711(64kbps) G.723.1, G.729, GSM &
others

Gateways: Supports inter-operatability, translation between H.323

& PSTN, Transmission formats, Audio/Video transcoding, optional elements

Gatekeeper: Admission control, Bandwidth control, address

translation, communicates using RAS, manages all
terminals, gateways, MCUs

MCUs: Supports multi-conferencing between 3 or more endpoints

60

H.323 Terminals
Client end points on the network
IP phones, PCs having own OS
Terminals running an H.323 protocols and the
multimedia applications.
Must support audio G.711 (64 kb/s). Several
compression coders G.723.1, g.729, GSM &
others
Should also have support for Video, data
Support for RTP used for packet media flow
61

H.323 Terminals
Audio
appls

video
appls

G.771
H261
G.729
H263
G.723.1

Terminal Call Manager

RTCP

H225
RAS

H225
Call Sig

T120
Data

H245
Call
Cont

RTP

Transport Protocols & Network Interface

62

H.323 Gateways
Gateway provides connectivity between an
H.323 network and a non-H.323 network
By translating protocols for call setup and
release
Converting media formats between different
networks
Transferring information between the networks
connected by the gateway.
A gateway is not required, however, for comn.
b/w two terminals on an H.323 network
63

H.323 Gateways
On the H.323 side, a gateway runs H.245
control signaling for exchanging capabilities
H.245 call signaling for call setup and release
H.225 registration, admissions, and status
(RAS) for registration with the gatekeeper
On the SCN side, a gateway runs SCN-specific
protocols (e.g., ISDN and SS7 protocols)
Translation between audio, video, and data
formats may also be performed by the gateway
64

H.323 Gateways
Interworking Call Control

Gateway Call Manager

RTP

RTCP

H225
RAS

H225
Call
Sign

Transport Protocol & Network Interface

PSTN/ISDN
Signaling
Call control
H245
Control
Sign

PSTN/ISDN
Signaling
Link Control
Physical
Interface

65

H.323 Gatekeepers
Considered brain of H.323 network
It is the focal point for all calls within the H.323
network
Provide services such as addressing, authorization
and authentication of terminals and gateways
bandwidth management and call-control services for
H.323 endpoints
An optional feature--Call-signaling routing. Endpoints
send call-signaling messages to Gatekeeper which
are routed to destination endpoints

66

H.323 Gatekeepers
Gatekeeper provides bandwidth control by
using messages, bandwidth request (BRQ),
confirm (BCF), and reject (BRJ)
For instance: A threshold for simultaneous
connections in H.323 network is specified
Gatekeeper can refuse for any more
connections once the threshold is reached.
The result is to limit the total allocated
bandwidth to some fraction of the total
available, leaving the remaining bandwidth for
data applications.
67

H.323 Gatekeepers
Gatekeeper Manager

Billing Services

H225
RAS

H225
Call
Sign

H245
Control
Sign

Directory Services

Security Services

Policy/Call
Mgt. Services

Transport Protocols & Network Interface

68

H.323 Multi-point Control

Units
MCUs provide support for conferences of three or
more H.323 terminals
All terminals participating in the conference
establish a connection with the MCU
MCU manages conference resources, negotiates
between terminals in determining (CODEC) to use
Handle the media stream
Gatekeepers, Gateways, and MCUs are logically
separate components of the H.323 standard but
can be implemented as a single physical device
69

H.323 Multi-point Control

Units
MCU has two Logical entities:
Multipoint Controller
Multipoint Processor

Multipoint Controller: Controls conference call for

a Multicast(many users) or Unicast(to single user)
Multipoint Processor: provides advanced
functions in H323 like video mixing, audio mixing
or video switching

70

H.323 Call Example.

H.323 Gatekeeper

PSTN
phone

IP network

H.323 Gateway

PSTN
H.323 Gateway

phone

225 describes how audio, video, data and control information be manage
IP network in equipment having H.323
245 are control signaling which includes receiving & transmitting capabi
gical channel signaling etc
71

H.323 Call Example.

Call Setup step-1:
Discovery and Registration

Gatekeeper Request
H.323 Gateway

H.323 Gatekeeper

Gatekeeper
Confirm/Reject

Who is my Gatekeeper

72

H.323 Call Example.

Call Setup step-2:
Discovery and Registration

Registration Request
H.323 Gateway

H.323 Gatekeeper

Registration Confirm/Reject

Associate 212 NXX XXXX

With IP Address 12.10.2.2
Okay!

73

H.323 Call Example.

Call Setup step-3:
Location Request
Location Confirmation
H.323 Gateway

H.323 Gatekeeper

Admission Request
Admission confirm/reject

Find where is 212 NXX XXXX

Can I call that IP address 12.10.2.2

Yes, IP is identified
This much XX bps is may be used

74

H.323 Call Example.

Call Setup step-4:

H.323
Gate
keeper

H.323
Gateway

H.323
Gateway

ARQ

H.245
manages
OLC like:
Type of media,
UDP
Port # etc

ACF
Setu
p
H.22
5 usi
ng Q
.931

ARQ

Q.931 for basic call

setup protocol

ACF
Setup
H.225
using
Q.931

5
OLC H.24
C H.245
L
O
h
t
h
i
it
w
w
t
t
c
c
Conne
Conne

Logical channels for Media Streams

75

H.323 Few Messages..

Gatekeeper Discovery

Location Request

Gatekeeper Discovery Request (GRQ)

Location Request (LRQ)

Gatekeeper Confirmation (GCF)

Location Confirmation (LCF)

Gatekeeper Rejection (GRJ)

Location Rejection (LRJ)

Bandwidth Change

Status Queries

Bandwidth Change Request (BRQ)

Info Request (IRQ)

Bandwidth Change Confirmation (BCF)

Info Request Response (IRR)

Bandwidth Change Rejection (BRJ)

Info Request Nak ((INAK)

Terminal/Gateway Registration

Call Admission

Registration Request (RRQ)

Admission Request (ARQ)

Registration Confirmation (RCF)

Admission Confirmation (ACF)

Registration Rejection (RRJ)

Admission Rejection (ARJ)

76

H.323 (H.225 Call Signaling)

H.225:
RAS channel is used to carry messages used
in the GateKeeper discovery
Endpoint terminal registration
Associates end-terminal address with its call
signaling transport address

H.225:
-- Also describes how audio, video and control
information be managed in IP based n/w

77

H.323 (H.245 Control

Signaling)
H.245:
Receiving & transmitting capabilities
Defines procedures for managing logical
channels
Specifies as Open Logical Channel
structure like:

Type of media and format (audio, video codexs)

Transport address Port numbers
Direction of flow which port will receive info
May identify combinations of channels audio,
video
78

H.323 Call Stages

Discovery & Registration:

Identify/Who am I

RAS
Call Setup:
Who I want to call
RAS/H.225/Q.931
Call Negotiation:
Our capabilities
H.245
Media Channel Setup:
Lets open an audio channel
H.245
Media Transport:
Send the audio
RTP/RTCP
Call Termination:
We are done
H.245/H.225/Q.931/RAS
79

Session Initiation Protocol

SIP
Call Setup is faster: few messages
Future protocol: SIP based phones
Has more capacity to handle more calls
Its a newer version may discard backward
compatibility
Uses SDP like H.323 uses H.245 for messages
Establish sessions over purely IP networks for VVD
End-to-End oriented signaling protocol and similar
to HTTP

80

Session Initiation Protocol

SIP
An end-to-end oriented signaling protocol which means,
that all the logic is stored in end devices (except routing
of SIP messages)
Establishes sessions for features:
audio/videoconferencing, interactive gaming, and call
forwarding
Enables service providers to integrate basic IP telephony
services with Web, e-mail, and chat services
signaling functions are based on H.225 recommendation
specifies the use and support of Q.931/Q932 signaling
messages

81

SIP Messages, Call & Control

UAC make requests and the UAS return answers
to client requests
SIP defines the communication through two types
of messages, The requests (methods) and the
answers (state codes)
SIP Methods contains URI User Request
Identifier called Request-Line
SIP Answers (State Codes) The answers or
Responses of the above SIP Methods

82

SIP Components
To establish sessions SIP has following components to perform
the session functions:
1. User Agent:

2. Servers:

(can all be
in same
machine)

UAC (sends/receives SIP requests)

UAS (sends answers to SIP requests)
Proxy (establishes calls between users)
Redirect (generates redirection answers)
Register (accepts register requests, gives location
and address of user)

elies on SDP(Session Description Protocol) to exchange ses

ents like H323 uses H245 for actual media exchange
83

SIP Call Setup Example

Location Server
INVITE
xyz@wto.com

xyz@wto.com
xyz?
INVITE

From: abc@itsc.com

xyz@wto.com
From: abc@itsp.com

OK
abc@itsp.com

OK
ACK

ACK

xyz@wto.com

SIP Server
Media Stream

84

SIP Call Setup Example

Redirect Server
INVITE
xyz@wto.com
xyz? 135.79.24.68
From: abc@itsc.com

Moved
Contact 135.79.24.68
abc@itsp.com

ACK

xyz@135.79.24.68
SIP Server

INVITE
xyz@135.79.24.68 From: abc@itsp.com
OK
ACK
Media Stream
85

SIP Entities and Address

SIP entities identify a user by its SIP URI
(Uniform Resource Identifiers)
Examples of SIP URI:
user@domain, where domain is a full domain name
user@machine, where machine is the name of the
machine
user@ip_address, where address is the IP address
of the machine
telephone_number@gateway, where the gateway
allow to access through the PSTN to the called
number

SIP identification solution, can be also based on the DN

86

SIP Messages & Responses

SIP Messages:

INVITE --- Initiate Call

ACK ---- Confirm final response
BYE ---- Release Call
CANCEL --- Cancel request
REGISTER --- Register with LS

SIP Response:
Client Error 404 --- Not found
Server error 500 --- Internal Server error
Client error 484 --- Address incomplete

SDP describes: Type of media (V/V/D), format

(CODECS G.729, G.731 etc), transport protocol
(RTP/UDP/IP) and transport address (UDP port
numbers)
87

SIP Requests & Responses

few
Requests (Methods)

Respones (Answers)

INVITE

Initiate Call

1xx

Informational

ACK

Confirm final
response

2xx

Success

BYE

Release Call

3xx

Redirection

CANCEL Cancel Pending

request

4xx

Failure of Request

OPTION
S

Features Supported

5xx

Server Failure

REGIST
ER

Register with Location 6xx

Server

Global failure

88

Media Gateway Control ProtocolsMGCP

Used between SoftSwitch and IAD/AG/TMG/UMG
The Softswitch (MGC) Controls Media Gateways by
means of MGCP
is a signaling and call control protocol used within
Voice over IP (VoIP) systems that typically
interoperates with the
public switched telephone network (PSTN)
In essence MGCP is a Master (softswitch) and
Slave(Media Gateways) Protocol
MGCP uses SDP for media transporting
89

MGCP Call Flow Scenario

LEGENDS:

IAM- Initial Address Message

ACM- Address Completion
Message
CRCX- Create Connection
MDCX Modify connection
(add video)
RESP Response to
connection

SG: To establish call b/w PSTN & SS

SG

RESP
IA

IA

A
C

A
C

SS

CX

C
R

C
X

CR

LE

LE
RTP/UDP/IP

TMG/UMG 1

TMG/UMG 2

Media Stream
phone

phone

90

MGCP Messages.
Command

Direction of Flow and Command

itself

Endpoint
Configuration

MGC to MG

EPCX

Create Connection

MGC to MG

CRCX

Modify Connection

MGC to MG

MDCX

Delete Connection

MGC to MG

DLCX

Notification Request

MGC to MG

RQNT

Notify

MG to MGC

NTFY

Audit Endpoint

MGC to MG

AUEP

Audit connection

MGC to MG

AUCX

Restart In Progress

MG to MGC

RSIP
91

MGCP Call Flow Scenario

LEX1

MGC

MG1

MG2

MGC

LEX2

Phone

Phone
MGCP

MGCP

OFF Hook
IAM

CRCX
CRCX
RESP
RESP

MDCX

IP NEWTORK

IAM

ACM

Ringing

RESP
ACM
ANM

OFF hook
ANM

92

MEGACO/H.248, point of
origin
MEGACO was designed after some limitations in
MGCP like MGCP could handle low density
ITU-T developed MDCP whereas IETF had
developed MGCP
A compromise between the two originated in the form
of MEGACO-Protocol or MEGACOP
ITU-T (SG-16) also developed H.248 in parallel to
MEGACO
Finally ITU-T & IETF agreed upon that both
MEGACO & H.248 shall be identical
93

MEGACO/H.248, functions
MEGACO defines the rules/protocols for the
Sofswitch to control MGWs
Typically MEGACO/H.248 provides support for
media streams
It provides support for VoIP & multimedia support
for PSTN or VoIP within the IP network
MEGACO provides base architecture for controlling
MGWs how MGWs can be controlled by SS
(MGC)
MEGACO/H.248 works for a distributed architecture
94

MEGACO/H.248, workings..
MEGACO provides:

Total control over Media Gateways MGs

Call admission and billing
Signaling interface to PSTN
Translation for H.323 or SIP protocols

The Softswitch (MGController) instructs MGWs like:

To sense off-hook condition
To apply dial-tone & collect dialed digits
To ADD any call connection and its context (coders
required)
To add UDP port numbers etc
95

MGCP and MEGACO base model

Two terminologies are used:
Termination and Context
Termination:
A termination is a logical entity that transmit/receive
media stream or control streams
For example: Endpoint is a termination

Context:
-- It is the association between two Terminations
(Endpoints)
For example: between two Endpoints (Local Call)
between two RTP ports (Transit Call)
96

MGCP and MEGACO base model

MEGACO Terminations and Context
Context
Simple
Context
Voice Call

Termination

Context
Multimedia
Context
(Conference
Call)

Null
Context
No
Connection

Termination

Termination

Termination

Termination

Termination

97

MGCP and MEGACO base

model
MGCP terms basic constructs as Endpoints &
Connections
Endpoints: source/sink of data
Connections: an association between two Endpoints

MGACO terms basic constructs as Terminations &

Contexts
Termination: an entity within a MGW that source/sinks data
Context: an association between two Terminations
Possible Contexts: Origin & Dest in same MGW (local call)
Between two diff MGW (transit call)
98

MEGACO and SoftSwitch!

Sofswitch MGC creates new Context inside
MG by ADD
MGC adds, subtracts Terminations to a
Context
MGW NOTIFIES MGC of events (off-hook, onhook) inside MG
MGC audits (checks) Context & Termination
between MGWs
MGC uses Service Change command (adding
video/data) during a call to inform MGW
99

MEGACO Packages.
MEGACO/H.248 define aspects of signaling as
Packages:
Commonly defined functions like:
Connectivity, Transfer and Hold etc
Examples of Packages are:

Transactions = Number
Contexts = Number, $
Termination = Identity or $
Package Data = off-hook, on-hook, port #
Events, Signals, statistics = ring back tones, tone
itself, time to ring
100

MEGACO Messages
Messages

Description of Messages

Add

Addition of a Termination to a context. First Add

message creates new context

Modify

Modification of features of termination, dial tone

Subtract

Removal of a termination fro a context (disconnection)

Move

Removal of a termination from context and addition of

this termination to another context (Conference Call)

Audit Value

Requests Information about features, events, signals

When SS learns features like PRI/BRI or any other

Audit
Capabilities

Requests Information about all possible features, events,

signals allowed for this termination

Notify

Notification on Events (off-hook, on-hook)

Service Change

Notification of changes of termination like dead, bad

101

SIGTRAN Protocols.
SIGTRAN:
SIGnaling TRANsport to carry SS7 signals over the
Internet
PSNTs signals are being carried over IP network after
converting from SS7 to IP signals
Underlying transport vehicle is SCTP (Signaling Control
transmission Protocol) to carry SS7 over IP
PSTN signals SS7 are transmitted to SG (Signaling
Gateway) which in turns converts SS7 into SIGTRAN
signals
SIGTRAN signals are sent to a SoftSwitch or to next
Signaling Gateway SG
102

SIGTRAN Protocols
Basic function of SIGTRAN:
To transport PSTN (SS7) signals over IP keeping
the functions & requirements of PSTN
Idea is to transport ISDN(Q.931, ISUP, SCCP
etc) messages between IP nodes (SG, MGC,
MGW) or to an IP-based database
To provide signaling capability for Call
Management and to provide media paths for IP
real-time traffic
Real-time traffic can be Voice, Music, video
which needs instant transportation
103

SIGTRAN Protocols Model

Upper Layer protocols
Redefines new
Transport service
Adaptation Protocols

Carries SS7 signals

over IP runway
Common Signaling Transport SCTP

The Real IP Standard

Transport means
Standard IP protocols

Adaptation protocols-to make TCP/IP look

like an upper layer protocols MTP3 (which
are MTP1, MPT2, MTP3 all SS7 signals)
104

Integration of SS7 & IP

protocols
SS7
ISUP

SCCP users,
RANAP, TCAP etc

SCCP
MTP3

Q931

MTP2

M2UA

2904

M2PA

3565

M3UA

2905

IUA

9900

SUA

1401

SCTP

IP

105

SIGTRAN benefits..
Ease of deployment: No need to distrupt SS7,
future enhancements are transparent
Better Efficiency: Using IP over SDH and IP over
fiber can achieve much higher throughput
Flexible architecture: IP signaling is flexible than
TDM-based legacy networks
Enhanced Services: Implementation of a core IP
network facilitates a variety of solutions and value
added services (VAS)

106

All Signaling Protocol

scenario.
SIP-T/BICC

SS
SIGTRAN

SS
SIGTRAN

H24
8

H.248
SG

SG

H323
/SIP

SS7
E
1

SS7
E
1

TMG/UMG

PSTN

TMG/UMG

PSTN

AGW
SIP Phone
Phone A

MAP

phones
* SIP-T: SIP for Telephone

GSM MSC
107

Phone B

Protocol abbreviation used.

ISUPISDN User Part
SCTP Stream Control transmission Protocol
RANAP Radio Network Access part
TCAP Transaction Capability part
MTP1, 2 3 Message Transfer Part 1, 2 ,3
M2UA, M3UA Message 2 User Adaptation,
Adaptation 3
IUA ISDN User Adaptation
SUA SCCP User Adaptation
SCCP Signaling Connection Control Point

108

NGN Components/Elements
and their Description

109

NGN Elements
Operation Support
System Gateway (OSSGateway)

Softswitch (SS or MGC)

Media Gateway (MG)
Signaling Gateway (SG)

Softswitch

Management and Support

Systems
Application and Feature Server
NGN Protocols

Multi
MultiService
Service
Core
CoreNetwork
Network

SG

Core Network

Media
Gateway

110

Access Identities
SG: Signaling Gateway
TMG: Trunk Media Gateway
AMG: Access Media Gateway
UMG: Universal Media Gateway
IAD: Integrated Access Device
MSG: Multi Service Gateway
BGW: Broadband GateWay

111

Introduction To Gateways

112

Media Gateways

The function of a media gateway is to

adapt user data to the backbone
network based on a packet switching
technology (IP ).

Terminates voice calls from the TDM,

compress and packetize the voice data,
and delivers the compressed voice
packets to the packet network.

Receives the voice packets from the

packet network, unpacketize
and
uncompress them, and deliver them to
the TDM.

Controlled by the Softswitch

113

Media Gateways as Access

Gateways (AG)
IP/MPLS

V.24
V.35
E1

POTS
ISDN
VOIP

ADSL
ADSL2
HDSL
SHDSL

LAN

The AGW equipment is installed in the Access Network.

The Access Gateway (AG) provides narrowband and broadband service access.

The AG transfers subscriber line data such as voice, modem and fax across the core network of NGN through media stream conversion.

114

Media Gateways as
Trunking Gateways (TG)
Speech circuits (TDM)

IP packets

Local
Exchange

Local
Exchange

IP/MPLS

MGW

MGW

Trunk
Exchange

Trunk
Exchange

Trunk Media Gateway (TMG) is resident between the circuit switched network
and the IP packet switched network. It provides functions of format conversion
between pulse code modulation (PCM) signal streams and IP media streams .

115

Residential Media Gateway

(RG)
IP/MPLS

Customer
Premises

RMG adopts the Voice over IP (VoIP) technology to encapsulate analog voice signals into data packets that
can be transmitted over packet-switched network, in order to provide telephone service over global IP
network at a very low cost.

116

IAD: Full Series Products

Terminal

1-port

2-port

4-port

8-port

16-port

IAD208 Series

IAD101A
EPhone

video
terminal

32-port

IAD132E(T)
IAD101E

IAD102E

IAD104E

IAD108 Series IAD116E-A

Capacity ranges from 1 port to 32

Optional FE/ADSL/VDSL uplink

Support Fax/Modem

117

Huawei Universal Media Gateway:

UMG8900

Large Capacity:

7168 E1, 112*STM-1 (Trunk side)

POTS users: up to 1,000,000

V5 users: up to 1,000,000

PRA users: 7,168 (30B+D or 23B+D)

BRI users: up to 500,000

Carrier-class reliability design

Interfaces: E1/T1/STM-1.FE/GE,ATM STM1/E3 and POS STM-1/STM-4

Protocol
supported:H.248,
PRA,R2,
SIGTRAN(M2UA,IUA,V5UA) and V5

Local TDM switching function (128K*128K)

118

Connectivity Of Access
Gateway in Network

119

Connectivity Of Universal
Media Gateway

120

Connectivity Of Trunk +
Signaling Gateway

121

Connectivity Of Trunk +
Access Gateway

122

Connectivity Of Residential Media

Gateway

123

Communication B/W Softswitch

& UMG

124

Signalling Gateways

125

Signaling Gateway: SG7000

The Signaling Gateway (SG) converts PSTN signaling between

TDM bearer mode and IP packets mode.

Process capacity: 5120 64kbps links or 640 *2Mbps links

Interfaces: E1/T1 and FE

Protocols supported: SIGTRAN (M3UA/M2PA/SCTP) and SS7

Built-in STP

Embedded signaling trace analyzer

126

Signaling Gateways Function (SG-F)

It encapsulates and transports PSTN signaling protocols

(eg. SS7) using SIGTRAN to the MGC-F or another SG-F.

For mobile networks, encapsulates and transports

PSTN/PLMN signaling protocols (eg. SS7) using SIGTRAN
to the MGC-F or another SG-F

The interface from the SG-F to the other entities is a

protocol interface when the SG-F and MGC-F or other SG-F
are not co-located (eg. SIGTRAN).

One SG-F can serve multiple MGC-Fs

Application protocols include SIGTRAN, TUA, SUA and

M3UA over SCTP
127

Introduction To Softswitch
The control Layer combines the equipment that
manages signaling and call control progress.
The control handles the call setup and controls
the media gateways.
Major components at this layer are the softswitches.

128

Softswitch

As a SoftSwitch product, SoftX3000 is located at the core control

layer of NGN scheme.

SoftX3000 acts as a generic Call Controller in the packet-switched

network, supports the interworking between PSTN, H.323, SIP,
and MGCP domains.

SoftX3000 provides H.248 and MGCP based bearer control.

In the NGN solution of Huawei, SoftX3000 acts as the core of

NGN, interworking with other NGN components through the open
network adopting distributed standard protocols.
129

Location of SoftX3000
SoftX3000 is applicable to the network
control layer of NGN and implements
call control and connection
management of voice, data and
multimedia services based on the IP
network.

130

Control Function Of S.Switch

SoftSwitch

SoftSwitch

Call control path

IP Core Network
Talking Path
IAD

Broadband
Access

UMG

AMG
SG

PSTN

TMG

3G Access

UMG

PLMN

131

Next Generation Voice Switching the

Softswitch concept

Soft switches are software-based

multi-function network gateways
(running under Unix or Windows)
that act as interfaces between circuit
switched and packet-switched
networks
132

Role of a Softswitch

Provides the call control and the Media Gateway

control for the NGN

The name softswitch is used because many

switching functions handled by large monolithic
systems in the circuit switched world are instead
emulated by software systems.

The term Softswitch refers to a Call agent or a

Media Gateway Control (MGC)
133

Role of a Softswitch
Softswitch

Media Gateway
Control
Signaling

IP Core

MGW

MGW

134

Softswitch System Architecture

Key components of softswitch architecture are:
Call agent / Call controller: it performs call control
functions

Application Server (AS) provides enhanced

features which is not available in Softswitch host.

Operating Support System (OSS) as network

management, billing support, etc.

Signaling Gateway (SG) as interface to CCS-7

(STP)

Trunk Gateway (TG) as interface to TE or LE of

PSTN

Access Gateway (AG) as interface to CPE

135

Softswitch Functions
The main functions are:

Call control
Media gateway access control
Protocol processing
Routing
Authentication
Charging
Application Programming Interfaces (API) for 3rd
party Servers

136

Softswitch Services
Softswitch can be used as an end office (C5 office),
tandem office (C4 office), toll office, International
gateway office and IN SSP
Voice services
Basic voice services
Supplementary Services
IP fax services
IP CENTREX services
Multimedia services
IN services

137

Softswitch Service Provisioning

Basic and Supplementary Services
Abbreviated Dialing, Automatic call back, Alarm ring service,
Call waiting, Three-way call and Centrex, etc.

Traditional IN services
300, 800, Account card service, etc.

New Revenue generating services

Web 800, Click to dial, Web Service Customization,
Synchronization browsing, One Number, Voice Mail, Unified
Message (UMS), Short Message.

Video and Multi-media services

Video phone, multi-media TV conference.
138

Huawei Softx3000 Softswitch

High Capacity & Integration
Legacy Switch
2,000,000 POTS
2,000,000 V5 Subscribers
2,000,000 SIP Terminals
1,000,000 H.323 Terminals
High Performance
16M BHCA
Perfect Scalability
150,000 subs / frame and
smoothly expansion
Fewer power Consumption
SoftX3000
Power consumption <
4.5KW
Big Saving of 40% OPEX
!

Nodes, Space, Power,

Staffs
139

Softswitch Networking Solutions

Long Distance VoIP Solution with Softswitch + Trunk
Gateway configuration for long distance VoIP service.
Local VoIP Solutions with Softswitch + Media Gateway,
Softswitch+IAD Softswitch+AccessGateway,
Softswitch+Intelligent Terminals for local VoIP and Data
services.
Flexible access solution for group subscribers such as
school, enterprise, government institute depending on
network condition and accessing scale.

140

SoftSwitch as a Class 5 Solution

IN

iManager

SoftX3000

SoftX3000

UMG8900
Main control
frame

Enterprise
User

PBX

LMT

UMG8900

IP core
network
UMG8900
User
frame

PSTN

V5 AN
CDMA 450

141

Soft Switch as a Class 4

Route/Policy
Service

AppServer

IN

INAP

PARLAY
/SIP

LDAP/
TRIP

SNMP

SIP-T/BICC

SoftX3000
H.248/
SIGTRAN

SoftX3000
H.248/
SIGTRAN

Packet/TDM
bearer netwrk

SS7/PRI/R2
UMG8900

Switch

NMS

SS7/PRI/R2

UMG8900
Switch

PSTN

PSTN
142

Interface and Protocol

An interface is the connection point between two
adjacent network entities, and a protocol specifies the
principles to be followed for information interchanging
over such connection points (interfaces)
Different protocols are usually used on different
interfaces and maybe on the same interface as well.

143

Soft Switch Interfaces and Protocols

MRS

MML/SNMP MGCP

APP Server

SCP

FTP/FTAM

NMS

SIP

BC

SIP
H.323

H.323

SIP

SS7

Soft Switch

SoftSwitch

PSTN

SIGTRAN

SG

MGCP/SIP/H.323

EPhone

H.248

TMG
AMG

IAD

144

SoftX3000 Signaling Classification

Signaling transport protocol Signaling transport layer

protocol provides SoftX3000 with signaling transport services.
These are MTP (PSTN), INAP (IN), M2UA,M3UA (User adaption
layer protocols for MTP2 & MTP3),SCTP etc.

Bearer control protocol - is a kind of master/slave protocol

used for Media Gateway Controller (MGC) to control Media
Gateways (MGs) from external call elements like a Call Agent
(SoftX3000). Example is MGCP and H248(MEGACO).

Call control protocol A protocol used to control call setup,

connection and termination. The call control protocols used in
SoftX3000 are ISUP of SS7 & for switched circuit network, SIP and
H.323 for call control in packet switched networks.
145

NGN Gateways & Application

Servers

146

NGN Gateway Systems

Access/Residential Gateway
Network Access Gateway (including Firewall, NAPT, DHCP etc.)
Residential Border Gateway

Media Gateway
Access/Trunk Media Gateway

Radio Gateway
BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server)
Softswitch
Call Server, Session Controller
Signalling Gateway including Media Gateway Controller
PSTN Gateway
PSTN Emulation and Simulation
Trunk and Border Gateway
Interconnection Border Gateway
Application Server Gateway
Parlay/OSA Gateway
OperAPI Gateway
147

NGN Control and Management System -1

Transport Resource/Policy Control System

Transport Policy Management System including PDF/PEF
Multimedia Resource Controller or Resource Manager
Bandwidth Broker and Bandwidth Manager

Mobility Support System

HLR/VLR, HA/FA etc.
Location Service Control System
Location Control Server

Packet Gateway Control System

Various Gateway Controller including Media Gateway
Controller

Network Access Control System

Admission Control and gate control system
DHCP Server, NAPT, Firewall etc
148

NGN Control and Management System 2

IMS-based Session Control System

P-/I-/S-CSPF
Session Control Proxy System (i.e., P-CSCF, Proxy VoIP
Gateway, etc)
IMS-MGW (Media Gateway) and IMS-MGC (Media Gateway
Controller)
IMS-Resource Controller

User Profile Database System

Including Transport/Service/Terminal/User Authentication and

Authorisation System

AAA Server, HSS etc.

User (and Terminal) registration system

Subscription Location

149

NGN Control and Management System 3

Charging and Billing System

Charging Trigger and Charging Collection System
Online Charging System including Rating system
Account Management System

Traffic Management Server

Traffic Management System

Application Control Server

Broadcast Control Server

Home Gateway Control Server
RFID Control Server
Multimedia Application Control Server

150

NGN Application Systems

Home Gateway
Including intelligent Home server
STB Management Server

Media Resource Processing Server

Media Resource and Processing Gateway
Multimedia Resource Function Processor

Application Server
Interactive Application Server or SIP-based Application
Server
Messaging Server, Presence Sever, Conference Server
VoD Streaming Server, IP-TV or DMB Server
OSA Application Server
RFID Server, Telematics Server
Web Hosting Server
151

Gateway Controller
The Gateway Controller is one of the key functional units
of the Softswitch.
The Gateway Controller holds the call processing rules, but
uses the Media Gateway and Signaling Gateway to
perform the job. It is the responsibility of the Signaling
Gateway to perform call set-up and teardown.
In addition, it interfaces to the OSS and BSS systems.
Often this unit is referred as Call Agent or Media Gateway
Controller interchangeably.
Sometimes the Call Agent by itself is referred as a
Softswitch.
This component communicates within other parts of the
Softswitch and also the external networks using different
protocols.
152

Gateway Controller
The Gateway Controller is responsible for bridging
networks with different characteristics, including the
PSTN, SS7, and IP networks.
This bridging function involves validation and initiation
before establishing phone connections.
It is responsible for managing voice and data traffic
throughout the various networks.
It is often referred to as a Call Agent (because of its
Call control messaging functions).
Also is referred to as a Media Gateway Controller
(because of its Media Gateway Control functions).

153

Functional Requirements
Gateway Controller
Call control engine
Voice call establishment protocols: H.323, SIP
Media control protocols: MGCP, Megaco
H.248
Class of service and quality of service control
SS7 control protocol: SIGTRAN (SS7 over IP)
SS7 processing (when using SigTran)
QoS related protocol message handling such
as RTCP
154

Functional Requirements
Gateway Controller
Routing, including:
Routing component: local dial plan (E164 to port mapping)
Digit analysis overlap and/or inblock signaling
Digit translation support for IP, FR, ATM and other networks

Call Detail Records (CDR) for billing

Bandwidth management control
Provisioning for Media Gateways:
Assignment and real time configuration of DSP resources
DS0 channel assignments
Voice transmission (coding, compression, and packetization)

Provisioning for Signaling Gateways:

SS7 variants
Process Timers
Linkset configuration
Point code or routing configuration

Gatekeeper registration
155

System Characteristics
Gateway Controller
It is CPU intensive. A multi-processor system is most
preferred
A large in-memory database required
A large memory capacity will also enable multiple
processes to live in memory without excessive paging
activity.
It deals mostly with IP traffic
A sufficient amount of high-speed connectivity may be
required
A dual-redundancy approach for network connectivity
is normally required
It requires support for a variety protocols
Disk storage is primarily used for logging
156

Signaling Gateway
A Signaling Gateway creates a bridge between the SS7
network and an IP network, under the control of the
Gateway Controller.
A Signaling Gateway causes a Softswitch to appear like an
ordinary SS7 point code (SS7 node) in an SS7 network.
The Signaling Gateway only handles SS7 signaling; a
Media Gateway handles the voice circuits established by
the SS7 signaling mechanism.
SIGTRAN defines a suite of protocols and user adaptation
layers for transporting signaling information over IP-based
networks.
If SigTran is used as the protocol between the Gateway
Controller and the Signaling Gateway, then only MTP1,
MTP2, and SigTran reside on the Signaling Gateway

157

Signaling Gateway.
A Signaling Gateway usually supports the following
layers:
SCTP, which is responsible for reliable signaling
transport, streaming, congestion avoidance and
control
M3UA, which supports the transport of ISUP, SCCP,
and TUP messages over IP
M2UA, which supports congestion control and the
transport of MTP3 messages
IUA, which supports the Q.931/Q.921 interface
M2Peer, which supports the MTP3-to-MTP2
interface
158

Functional Requirements
Signaling Gateway
A Signaling Gateway must support the following functions:
It must provide physical connectivity to the SS7 network
via a TI/El or Tl/V.35 physical connection
It must be able to transport SS7 information between
Gateway Controller and Signaling Gateway via an IP
network
It must provide a transmission path for voice, video, and
optionally data. (Data transmission may be supported
within the Media Gateway.)
Provide Highly Available SS7 operation for
telecommunication services
159

System Characteristics Signaling

Gateway
A Signaling Gateway has the following system
characteristics:
It is I/O intensive, but not very CPU intensive.
A maximum amount of memory should be
available to hold state information, configuration
information, the point code map, alternate routes,
etc.
A disk storage is primarily used for logging; a
small capacity may be adequate.
The Ethernet interface (to the IP network) may
require dual redundancy.
160

Signaling Gateway Characteristics

It may interface with the SS7 network by using
a T1/E1/E1, with a minimum 2 D-channels,
and a maximum 16 D-channels.
Performance and flexibility can be increased
using a H.110 or H.100 bus.
High Availability is a requirement, multiple
Signaling Gateways or signaling links are
available. Redundancy is built into SS7
networks by design

161

Convergence of SS7 and IP

networks

162

Call Control Functionality

163

SEGway X401 Signaling Gateway

Ability to scale upto 1408 SS7
links with HSL, 1000SIGTRAN
M2PA/M3UA/SUA associations.
14 slots available for I/O and
application server blades thus
unprecedented flexibility to
interface with traditional SS7
and IP-SIGTRAN networks

164

SEGway X301 Signaling Gateway

Ability to scale upto 128 SS7
links
Six payload slots available for
low TDM and high speed (IPSIGTRAN) this solution can
be used to manage SS7
networks and connect with
multiple interconnectivity
partners.

165

Application Server

Application Server generates application documents

(VoiceXMLpages) in response to requests from the
Media Gateway via the internal Ethernet network.

The application server leverages a web application

infrastructure to interface with data stores
(messages stores, user profile databases, content
servers) to generate documents (e.g., VoiceXML
pages).

AS provide interoperability between applications like

WAP, HTML, and voice allowing the end user to
simultaneously input voice command and receive
presentation via WAP or HTML.
166

Application Server vs. Media Server

Signaling
(SIP)

Application
Server

IP Network

Respons
e

Comman
d

Media Server Control

(SIP with
VoiceXML,MSML)

Functions of an Application
Server
Service
Billing
Service Specific
Specific Logic
Logic
Billing

(ACD,
(ACD, IVR,
IVR, Conf,
Conf, Speech)
Speech)

Call
Call Signaling
Signaling

Service
Service Databases
Databases
(ie.
(ie. for
for screen-pops)
screen-pops)

Service
Service Mgmt
Mgmt
and
and Provisioning
Provisioning

Interface
Interface
Service
Service
Creation
Creation

Functions of a Media Server

Audio
Audio Tones
Tones &
& DTMF
DTMF Detection
Detection Audio
Audio Bridging
BridgingAudio
Audio Recording
Recording
Announcements
&
Generation
&
Mixing
&
Announcements & Generation
& Mixing
& Playback
Playback

Media
(RTP)

Media Server

Fax
Fax Detection
Detection
&
& Processing
Processing

Hot
Hot Word
Word
Spotting
Spotting

Speech
Speech
Recognition
Recognition

Text
Text to
to Speech
Speech

Video
Video
Video
Video Bridging
BridgingVideo
Video Recording
Recording
Video
Video Switching
Switching
Announcements
&
mixing
&
Announcements
& mixing
& Playback
Playback
Audio
Audio
Transcoding
Transcoding

Video
Video
Transcoding
Transcoding

RTP = Real Time Protocol

SIP = Session Initiation Protocol

167

Aims of Application Servers

For building integrated, enterprise-class applications that
share information, deliver services, and automate
collaboration among networked companies at Internet
volume and speed
separate of presentation, business logic, and data
provide the underlying core functionality necessary for
the development and deployment of business-driven
application
connect legacy systems, and Web Services

168

The Reason to Adopt A.S

applications with complex business logic
potentially servicing tens of thousands of
concurrent users in real-time
require a scalability and reliability
Distributed system
Stock trading system
Banking application

169

What we need

RMI
Load balancing
Transparent fail over
Back-end integration
Transaction
Clustering
Dynamic redeployment
Clean shutdown

Logging and auditing

System management
Threading
Message-oriented
middleware
Object life cycle
Resource polling
Security
Caching

170

What do they provide?

Speeds application development and relieves developers of the
effort and expense of creating these crucial services on their own
o Load balancing
o Fault tolerance
o Web Services
o Legacy integration
o Transaction management
o Security
o Messaging
o Multi-threading
o Persistence
o Database connectivity
o Resource pooling
o Development, testing, and packaging facilities

171

Single Server/Clustered Servers

172

J2EE based

BEA WebLogic Java Application Server

IBM WebSphere Java Application Server
Oracle 9i Java Application Server
Sun ONE Java Application Server (iPlanet)
HP Application Server (HP-AS) (Bluestone)
JBoss Application Server
Enhydra Application Server

173

J2EE Components used..

Java Servlets & Java Server Pages (JSP)

Enterprise Java Beans (EJB)
Java Transaction API (JTA)
Java Transaction Service (JTS)
Java API for XML Parsing (JAXP)
Java Messaging Service (JMS)
Message Driven Beans (MDB)
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
Java Database Connection 2 (JDBC2)
Java Connector Architecture (JCA)
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI)
JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF)
174

Three layered architecture

of A.S
The presentation layer
managing the user interfaces of applications,
including desktop applications, Web browsers,
and pervasive devices
The business layer
contains the business logic
The back-end layer
provides connectivity with enterprise systems
and databases
175

Three layered architecture

of A.S
Hosting Organization

Subscriber 1
Presentation

Logic
Subscriber 2
Persistence

Subscriber 3

176

Presentation Layer
Thin clients
such as Web browsers that send HTTP requests
and receive HTTP responses for static HTML or
dynamic Web pages built by Java Servlets and
Java Server Pages (JSPs)
Thick clients
such as Java applets and applications, ActiveX
controls, or Visual Basic clients that run on a
desktop and communicate with BEA WebLogic
Server through CORBA, Java RMI,IIOP, or COM+

177

Presentation Layer
Pervasive devices
including wireless phones, PDAs, smart appliances,
and other emerging remote clients that
communicate with the server via specific and
usually very compact
can generate WML pages from Servlets and
JSPs.
Web Services
that connect to the system using Web Services
technologies, such as SOAP,UDDI, and WSDL
178

Presentation Layer
Provides a Web Server
Servlet and JSP results caching and JSP tags
caching
provides high-reliability, scalability, monitoring,
and other features required by enterprise
applications
plug-ins for Apache, iPlanet, and Microsoft IIS
Web servers

179

Additional Features
Virtual hosting
www.company1.com and www.company2.com
Clustering
scalability and high-availability
insulates clients from hardware or power failures by
eliminating single points of failure
Load balancing
Incoming requests can be distributed across
multiple instances of AS

180

Additional Features
High availability with transparent fail-over
The data contained in Web components can
be replicated across multiple machines
In the event of a failure, current client session
information is maintained
disk-based persistence
in- memory replication of a client s session state

181

Business Layer
contains the applications business
logic independent of the user interface,
including distributed components,
running in the application server
environment
Enterprise Java Beans

182

Examples of transactions involving mail

application server
Establishing connection between mail APIs
(application program interfaces) and mail server
Updating mails by inserting, adding, replacing, or
deleting
Querying for the mails
Terminating the connection between the API and the
mail server

183

Responses to Requests by An AS
The server Gets from the collaborating or
independent mobile devices of an
enterprise
From a distributed mobile computing
system
The server processes these requests
Generates responses

184

Examples of web database and

enterprise application servers
IBM DB2 database server IBM DB2 is an
RDBMS (Relational Database
Management System) data server from
IBM
DB2 EveryPlace version run on handheld
devices
Enterprises application logic processing at
the server
185

Examples of web database and

enterprise application servers
Oracle 9i database Server RDBMS
Oracle9i server has a large number of
features and it supports XML documents and
has an option for cluster database

186

Some Application Servers

Web Generic application servers for Java-based
web applications (Microsoft, Sun, and Netscape)
with additional support for wireless network and
mobile devices
IBM WebSphere Application Server with specialized
mobile Web computing application server (it
supports J2EE Web applications and XML
databases)
IBM Domino Application Server for workgroups,
email applications, and support for handheld and
Windows CE devices
187

Some Application Servers

Microsoft Mobile Information Server (e.g., for
messenger and email)
Oracle 9i Application Server for database
services with mobile support
Puma and Synchrologic iMobile Suite for datasynchronization services
Nokia WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
Server for wireless Internet WAP applications
BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES)
188

Java Naming and Directory

Interface (JNDI)
Client API provides
naming & directory
services for Java Apps
Does not replace DNS,
CORBA, RMI etc
Allows multiple
directory services coexist
Provides a federated
name server
189

Databases
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
Thin clients servlet,JavaServer Pages (JSP)
Thick clients RMI to remote databases
most recommended way is to use entity
beans and benefit from the underlying
services
Connection pooling

190

Integration
Integrating new applications with any legacy
Enterprise Information System (EIS)
J2EE Connector Architecture (J2CA)
CORBA
integration with legacy systems that implement the
CORBA specifications

COM/DCOM (COM+)
bi-directional interoperability with Microsoft s COM+
can access data in Microsoft applications,
communicate with Visual Basic clients
191

J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA)

A standard architecture for connecting the
J2EE platform to heterogeneous EIS systems
ERP, mainframe transaction processing,
database systems, and legacy applications
not written in the Java programming
language
enables the integration of EISs with
application servers and enterprise
applications
By defining a set of scalable, secure, and
transactional mechanisms
192

J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA)

Enables an EIS vendor to provide a standard
resource adapter for its EIS
The resource adapter plugs into an application
server, providing connectivity between the EIS,
the application server, and the enterprise
application
An EIS vendor needs to provide just one
standard resource adapter which has the
capability to plug in to any application server
that supports the J2EE Connector architecture
193

J2EE Connector Architecture (JCA)

Multiple resource adapters are pluggable
into an application server
enables application components
deployed on the application server to
access the underlying EIS systems

194

J2EE Connector Architecture

195

Resource Adapter in A.S

To achieve a standard system-level
pluggability between application servers
and EISs, the J2EE Connector
architecture defines a standard set of
system-level contracts between an
application server and EIS
The resource adapter implements the
EIS-side of these system-level contracts
196

Resource Adapter in A.S

System-level software driver used by an
application server or an application client
to connect to an EIS
By plugging into an application server, the
resource adapter collaborates with the
server to provide the underlying
mechanisms, the transactions, security,
and connection pooling mechanisms
A resource adapter is used within the
address space of the application server
197

Application Contract
An application server and an EIS collaborate to
keep all system-level mechanisms, such as
transactions, security, and connection
management, transparent from the application
components
A Connection Management contract
A Transaction Management contract
Security contract
A Message Inflow contract
A Lifecycle Management contract
A Work Management contract
198

Web Service Support

Automatically wraps the business components in to
Web services
Support for WSDL and UDDI
Publish, search, host
Support for Web Services Security standard
Reliable SOAP implementation
based on a sequence of asynchronous SOAP
communications, receipts, and notifications
guaranteed delivery, exactly-once delivery, ordered
conversation
A set of convenient graphical tools for development,
search, and composing of the Web Services
BEA WebLogic Workshop
199

Messaging
Asynchronous method invocations
Why?
Performance
Reliability
Support for multiple senders and receivers
Application

Message Oriented
Middleware

Application

200

Message Oriented Middleware MOM

Provides
Guaranteed message delivery
Fault tolerance
Load balancing of destinations
Subscription mech.
Proprietary solutions
Tibco Rendezvous
IBM MQSeries
BEA Tuxedo/Q
Microsoft MSMQ
201

Java Message Service

API
Write code to send and receive msg
Service Provider Interface (SPI)
Plug in JMS drivers
to allow existing companies to JMS-enable
their applications without impacting clientside development
Supports
Publish/subscribe
Point-to-point

202

2:Create
Connection
3:Create
Session
Client

1:RetrieveJ
MS Driver
Connection
Factory

5:Create
Producer
or
Consumer
6:Send or
Receive
Message

4:Lookuo
JMS
Destination

JMS Connection
Factory
JMS Connection
JMS Session

Serialized
Message
Connection

JMS Producer
Or
JMS Consumer

JMS Driver Client Runtime

JNDI

Naming
Service

Java Message Service

203

Security in A.Servers
Java Authentication and Authorization Server
(JAAS)
Encryption
Auditing
HTTPS,
basic HTTP authentication with Base64 encoding
for services protected by firewalls
Role based security
User and group definition
Built-in security data store retains the role,
profile, and entitlement data, and is built on a
highly optimized LDAP directory
Single Sign-On
WS-Security
204

Next Generation Networks NGN

Services Capabilities

205

Service Capability Of NGN

206

Service Capability Of NGN

MRS
MCU

App Server

SCP

iOSS

TG

PSTN
Softswitch

POTS

FAX

OpenEye

Unified
Video Phone Video
UPT&CRBT Web800
Communication
Conference

207

Service Capability Of NGN

NP

Fax

Telephone

Simultaneous
Ringing

VAS

PSTN Service
Video
conference

Wide Area
Centrex

PBX

Modem

100
100
inherits
inheritsall
allPSTN
PSTNservices
services

Value
Valueadded
addedservices
services
INAP CS2

IP Centrex

Parlay API

Open service system

SIP

Solution
Solutionfor
forenterprise
enterprise user
user

Flexible
Flexible&&quick
quickservice
service deployment
deployment
208

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services
Basic Voice Services
Supplementary Services
Intelligent Network Services
NGN Value Added Services for Business Users
Basic Services of Centrex
Supplementary Services of Centrex
Multimedia Application Services
Value-added Services Integrating Internet
209

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services

Basic Voice Services

Voice Calls

between local network users.

Automatic domestic and international direct long distance dialing
Calls from PBX extensions and to PBX console,

Special services

including different kinds of queries and complaints

Calls of mobile users in public networks

Maintenance calls

for operators and maintainers

Domestic and international fax

210

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services

Supplementary Services

Abbreviated dialing
Hotline
Outgoing call barring
Interception service
Call forwarding
Call back on busy
Call waiting
Conference calling
Quota restricted calling

211

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services

Intelligent network Services

Account card calling (ACC)

Free phone (FPH)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Televoting (VOT)
Universal personal telecommunications (UPT)
Premium Rate (PRM)
Credit card calling (CCC)
Universal Access Number (UAN)

212

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services
Basic Voice Services
Supplementary Services
Intelligent Network Services
NGN Value Added Services for Business Users
Basic Services of Centrex
Supplementary Services of Centrex
Multimedia Application Services
Value-added Services Integrating Internet
213

Service Capability Of NGN

Value added Services for Business Users
Developed for group users.
Growing IP customer base
Provides IP Centrex service for Centrex groups from
one Softswitch domain.
All basic services and supplementary services and a
number of new services specialized

214

Service Capability Of NGN

Value added Services for Business Users

Basic Services of Centrex

Intra-group calling out
Out-group calling out
Intra-group calling in
Out-group calling in
Originating call screening
Emergency call
215

Service Capability Of NGN

Value added Services for Business Users

Supplementary Services of Centrex

Designated pickup
co-group pickup
remotely set call forwarding unconditional
remotely set call forwarding busy and remotely set
call forwarding no reply
216

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services
Basic Voice Services
Supplementary Services
Intelligent Network Services
NGN Value Added Services for Business Users
Basic Services of Centrex
Supplementary Services of Centrex
Multimedia Application Services
Value-added Services Integrating Internet
217

Service Capability Of NGN

Multimedia Application Services
Electronic whiteboard
Both parties can write and draw on the same
picture,
Remote teaching and technical exchange
Content release
The contents of advertisements and media streams
can be released through a multimedia terminal
Instant messaging
Allows real-time communication by means of text
between one terminal user and another who has
already logged in

218

Service Capability Of NGN

Multimedia Application Services
Video conferencing
Enterprises user may reserve or send a request for a
conference through Web, operator, or conference
terminal.
The Soft Switch or the operator directs MCU for video
conferencing
Video/Streaming/Web
to call or attend a conference at home or office.
The images, voice, slides, text talk, and file can be
sent to each participant synchronously.
219

Service Capability Of NGN

Inheriting Current Services
Basic Voice Services
Supplementary Services
Intelligent Network Services
NGN Value Added Services for Business Users
Basic Services of Centrex
Supplementary Services of Centrex
Multimedia Application Services
Value-added Services Integrating Internet
220

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet
Click to Dial (CTD)
User sets up a voice or multimedia call through
the VoIP network by clicking a link / number on
a Web page.

Click to Fax (CTF)

User sends a fax to the called subscriber
through the VoIP network by clicking a link/
number on a Web page

221

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet
Web 800
User calls the service / subscriber on the IP
network in which bill be paid by the called party.
Subscriber can click the 800 number in a Web page
or dial the 800 number to make a phone call.
UM service
Combines a variety of media such as Email, Voice
Mail, Voice, Video, SM, and Fax
User receives Email , SM, Fax, Voice Mail and view
dynamic images anywhere.

222

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet
IM service
Enables the mobile user, online user, and fixed user
to chat through multimedia through mobile, Internet,
and fixed messages
Collaboration allows business users to communicate
via voice or text, thus implementing real-time services
Colouring Ring-Back Tone (CRBT)
System will play back a pre-selected song or record
for the voice caller upon arrival of an incoming call to
the callee

223

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet
Powerful tool for conference in NGN era
MRS Meeting Access No.: +65-28780999

MeetingServer
Meeting Access No.: +852-28780999
Soft switchSIP

PSTN/PLMN

UMG

Singapore

Packet network
Hong Kong

UMG

PSTN/PLMN

IP Phone
Mobile Phone
PSTN Phone

Soft Phone
IP Phone

A meeting can be booked by phone or WEB

Instant meeting and scheduled meeting are
provided
Meeting service can be sold to group users
224

PSTN Phone

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet

GUI or
Web-based
client

Features

Click to dial

Intelligent call routing

Click to conference

Unified message

Presence

Voice mail

Address book

Self-provisioning

225

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet

Parents in hometown

Couples in
different
sites

Business
meeting

Remote education
OPENEYE Software

PC Softphone

H323/SIP video terminal, OPENEYE softphone

Point to point, multi-point video conference which support instant callup and booking.
Support interconnect with H323 video network

226

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services-Integrating Internet
Service Openness

3rd Party APP Server

Parlay API
Enable to introduce 3rd party
service easily and quickly
INAP CS2

Parlay API

Standard IN service
interface

Session Initial Protocol (SIP)

Access Application

U-NICA
APP Server

U-NICA
Parlay Gateway

TELLIN SCP

Server by SIP protocol

SIP

MRS
Open service system
flexible service creating
mode
quick service
deployment
open service interface

INAP

SIP/INAP
SIP/INAP

SG
Soft switch

227

Service Capability Of NGN

Value Added Services
Softswitch
Billing
center

App Server

iOSS

IP Core

UMG

IP centrex

All the services

Voice services

IP console

resident can enjoy.

Supplementary services

Video Comm.

Immediate

Fax

LAN interconnection

charging

Internet

High speed internet

Multi-media call

PPS

Multi-media conf

High speed

Voice mail

One-line-multi-numbers

internet

Triple Play

Multi-media

Services by PARLAY

configuration

Gateway services etc.

Etc.

Corporate

Resident

IP bar
228

Next Generation Networks

Call Setup

229

Legacy Telephone Service

Basic Service: Call setup
Phone number resolution
Call routing
Callee status detection
Resource reservation

Advanced Service: IN features and services

Authentication, admission and billing
Call rerouting, redirection, call-back and waiting
In-call application: IVR, call center, voice mail, centrix, and telephone vote
Advanced service provisioning and management based on users profile

230

Legacy Network Service Architecture

Basic service is provided by distributed telephone
switches
Call setup is executed in distributed telephone switches
A signaling network (SS7) interconnects the telephone
switches
Call procedures in the switches are interlinked by signaling
(TUP/ISUP)

Advanced service is offered by centralized Intelligent

Network
An advanced service formed by a service logic (SL) and a
serious of service independent blocks (SIB)
A management platform (SMP) supports service creation
and maintenance
231

Legacy Service Architecture

Separate UNI services and network services
Make services independent of any call processing
Distributed call control and centralized services
One service control point for one service class
One service control point for one service instance
Decompose functions into small pieces and assembly
them together
Authentication, billing and routing are basis of any
services

232

Legacy Service Architecture

PSTN
2G Mobile
The PSTN/ISDN is based on 64 kbit/s digital
connections, with a separate common channel
signalling system
Access may be analogue (telephony), 64 kbit/s
digital (ISDN) or low speed digital (mobiles)
The network establishes an end-to-end digital
connection for the duration of each call
The PSTN/ISDN is designed for high reliability,
specified at the national level and connecting to
form a global network
233

Legacy Telecom Networks:

Layer, Separate, Centralize and Sharing
UNI

Application

UNI

Layer

Service
Service
Network
Network

Service

Switching
Switching
Network
Network

Layer
Transmission
Layer

Physical
Layer

CPE
CPE

NNI

NNI

Switching
Switching
Network
Network

Transmission
TransmissionNetwork
Network

NNI

Transmission
TransmissionNetwork
Network

NNI
Physical
PhysicalNetwork
Network

Physical
Interface

Switching
Switching
Network
Network

Physical
PhysicalNetwork
Network

Logical
Interface

NNI

Physical
PhysicalNetwork
Network

Service
Access
Point
234

CPE
CPE

Packet based Communication

Best effort and service-independent packet-switching
network
User-driven application/content-independent client-server
mode
Smart terminal, servers and network
Transparent active application access
Open network, open application and open access
Open and active services on the Internet

235

Packet based - Internet

The (public) Internet is based on the set of protocols defined
by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The primary protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP) which
describes a simple connectionless packet protocol able
to operate over a range of media
Other protocols work in association with the IP, for
example, TCP to assist reliable end-to-end operation
The Internet is defined by the Internet protocols rather than
by a standardised architecture
The Internet provides open interfaces, supporting rapid
innovation
ISP

The Internet (bestendeavours network)

ISP

236

Internet Service Architecture

Client

Application
Layer

Server

APP
APP

Network
Layer
CPE
CPE
Transmission
Layer

Server

Server

ISP
ISP
Applications
Applications

IP

ISP
ISP
Applications
Applications

Packet
Packet
Switching
SwitchingNetwork
Network

Transmission
Transmission
Network
Network

Physical
Interface

Server

NNI

IP

Transmission
Transmission
Network
Network

APP
APP

ISP
ISP
Applications
Applications

Packet
Packet
Switching
SwitchingNetwork
Network

NNI Transmission
Transmission

Logical
Interface

Network
Network

Service
Access
Point
237

IP

CPE
CPE

H.323 Architecture
H.323 Gatekeeper

3 stages of signaling:
RAS to Gatekeeper
H.225 call signaling
H.245 media stream control
(can be simplified for VoIP)

PSTN

H.323
Terminal

H.323 Zone

H.323
Gateway
H.323
Multipoint Control Unit

Telco-centric multimedia,multiparty conferencing (initially for LANs)

Gatekeeper for network control, heavy-weight protocols
Widely deployed in first wave of VoIP standardization
238

SIP Based Services

Internet-centric alternative, initially for large multicast
conferences
SIP for call signaling, SDP (Session Description
Protocol) for media
Network servers for additional capabilities:
Registrar for terminal registration, aliases
Redirect returns contact address directly to end user
Proxy forwards signaling (requests, responses)
Evolution towards greater use of proxy/registrar for locating
users, vertical services, call tracking, network control

239

SIP Call Setup

Ptcl.net.pk

ptcl.com
DNS
Location
server

Proxy
INVITE
Shahab.niazi@ptcl.net.pk

INVITE
Ringing
200 OK

Proxy

ACK

INVITE
Ringing
200 OK

Shahab

Media Streams

Irfan

INVITE SDP proposes media type(s), IP & ports to send to

200 OK SDP accepts/rejects media, gives IP & ports to send to
240

Where Do Services Live?

Some implemented at the endpoints
Last-number redial, call hold...
Others may be better supported from the network
Avoid need for PC or IP phone to be turned on (call forwarding)
More complex services, such as conferencing
Integration with web-based services (unified messaging)
Example: SIP Proxy runs a script for each incoming call
Parallel forking: forward INVITE to multiple endpoints
simultaneously
Sequential forking: try his office PC first, then lab, then cell
phone,

241

SIMPLE (SIP for IM and Presence)

ptcl.net.pk

ptcl.com
Presence
server

Proxy

SUBSCRIBE
NOTIFY
NOTIFY

Proxy

SUBSCRIBE
linda@ptcl.net.pk

Update
Presence

Linda

Peter

Linda subscribes to notifications of changes in Peters status:

Off-line, on-line, busy, away, available, ...
242

Carrier Networks are not homogeneous

Carrier networks consist of multiple domains
Domain 3

Service
Servicenetwork
network

Service
Service
Domain
Domain

Client

Client
Transport Network
Domain 1

Transport Network
Domain 2

each domain may have its own policies

each domain may have its own commercial goals
and possibly its own protocols & transport

Relevant
interfaces
243

NGN: Service layer on IP, Current Status

Support of multiple access networks (broadband
and narrowband)
Support of multiple access protocols (H.323,
MGCP/MEGACO)
Support session mobility control (MAP, Mobile
IP, HLR/VLR)
PSTN/IN interworking (ISUP, INAP, CAP, PINT,
SPIRIT, SIP-T)

244

Current Approaches
of NGN Service Architecture
Mobile telephone network (GSM, GPRS)
Separation of Home network and serving network
Connection mobility and roaming control
3G-UMTS
Service portal and service capability feature (SCF)
Open Service Access (OSA)
SIP
Distributed service control
Open access to services and applications
Web Service (SOAP/WSFL/WSDL/UDDI)
Service access portal (SOAP)
Service description, discovery, and integration (UDDI)
245

Changes of Telecom Service Architecture

Off-line
Off-linecustomer
customermanagement
management
Extended
Extendedcall
callcontrol
controland
andIN
INcharging
charging
Terminal
Terminal

Terminal
Terminal

Telecom
Telecombasic
basicservice/call
service/callcontrol
control
Access
AccessService
Service

Transmission
Transmission

Access
AccessService
Service

Linear Service Architecture in Legacy Network: Static Services

AAUser
UserService
Service
Management
Management

AA
Terminal
Terminal

A
Portal

AAHome
HomeService
Service

BBHome
HomeService
Service

BBUser
UserService
Service
Management
Management

Control
ControlService
Service
Session
SessionService
Service

B
Portal

Access
Access Transmission
Transmission Access
Access
Two-Dimension Service Architecture in NGN: Active Services
246

BB
Terminal
Terminal

NGN Soft switch: Services

Legacy telephone service is static and close
Current soft switch experiences legacy
service architecture
Soft switch session is going to be distributed
Telecom service is becoming with 2-D
dynamic
Home service portal is to support open
service access
Service broker provides a platform for open
services
247

NGN Services Characteristics

Multiple numbering systems

IP, Phone, Universal Numbers

Distributed Intelligence

Databases in central servers, Provider database,

Customer PC, Phones
Central global database does inter-provider
translation
Central Database is shared by providers
Transaction volume
At central db, number of inter-provider calls
At services databases (800, call-blocking lists, )
number of subscribed services
At Provider and endpoints
248

NGN Services Characteristics contd

Network Repositories
User data (profiles, lists) in multiple devices and
databases
Central Server provides reliability
Updates to devices synchronized on re-connect
Synchronization on demand or periodically:
User mobility
Where should translation take place
Should cache migrate
Real-time constraints
Transaction volume across devices, endpoints...
249

NGN Services Characteristics

Object based services
Calls abstracted as object
Call models implemented within objects
Object mobility used to implement services
Call forwarding
Third party call set-up
Objects for service creation
Tool-kit for third party service creation
Base Objects/components upon which to build
Device Independence
Migrate calls across device
Compose services across devices

250

End-to-End Connectivity?

There is no shortage of possible approaches and they

are all in use!
The problem
How to guarantee end-to-end service with the required QoS
across multiple networks using incompatible implementations
[the subject of current international work]
251

Expected NGN Scope and

Service Scope

252

Todays Network Architectures

Frame
Relay
Networks

IWF

PSTN/ISDN

IWF

IP/MPLS
Networks

IWF

IWF
IWF

Radio
Access
Networks

IWF

IWF

IWF
IWF

Ethernet
Networks

Wireless
Access

ATM
Networks

Multiple, interworked, interdependent networks

Multiple, interworked, interdependent networks
Diversity of control and management architectures
Diversity of control and management architectures
Capacity and performance bottlenecks
Capacity and performance bottlenecks
Each network has its own control plane and management plane
Each network has its own control plane and management plane

253

Near Term Evolution

PSTN/ISDN

k
twor
e
N
SS7

Rec. Q.931

Rec

PSTN/ISDN

00 s
7
.
Q
.

Q & X series Rec.

eries
IWF

Rec. I.580

Rec. Q.2931, PNNI

IWF

IWF

PSTN/ISDN
OSF & NM, M
series Rec.

Frame
Relay
Networks

Rec. I.555

Rec. I.580

ATM
Networks

IETF RFCs

IWF

Wireless
access

FR OSF & NM

IWF

ATM OSF & NM, M series Rec.

IP-based
Networks

Rec. Y.1310

SNMP based
For
For
Convergence on ATM core networking enables initial stage
Convergence on ATM core networking enables initial stage
ofofunified
unifiedmanagement
managementand
andcontrol
control
Enhanced performance and QoS capabilities for multiEnhanced performance and QoS capabilities for multiservices
servicesover
overcommon
commonplatform
platform

Against
Against
Lack of service transparency between IP
Lack of service transparency between IP
based
basedservices
servicesand
andATM/PSTN
ATM/PSTNservices
services
OSF = Operating Support Function

254

Full-term - Convergence on IP/MPLS Core

ATM
Networks
IWF

Frame
Relay
Networks

Frame
Relay
Networks

IWF

IP/MPLS NETWORK

IWF

IWF

Ethernet
Networks

IWF

Ethernet
Networks

IWF

ATM
Networks

Label Switching Router (LSR)

Label Switched Path (LSP)

Requires well defined interworking mechanism for all services

Requires well defined interworking mechanism for all services
Transfer plane functions
Transfer plane functions
Control plane functions
Control plane functions
Management plane functions
Management plane functions

255

Recommended practical/lab work on

NGN

256

Recommended practical/lab work on

NGN

To connect different Media Gateways like IAD, AGW, MGW, UMG

etc with subscriber end
To configure different MGWs mentioned above with IP core network
by using basic commands
To test the Network connectivity and to identify the fault points on
the Network by using commands like ping, tracert etc
To learn creation of a terminal user and querying the existing user
and displaying other terminals
Learning the addition and removal of particular board/frame of
media gateways by using basic commands of Board
Management/Frame Management etc
Adding and removing the IP address of a particular interface on a
particular board

257