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Operation subsystem
The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation,
management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components
Authentication Center (AUC)
generates user specific authentication parameters on request of
a VLR
authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile
terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface
within the GSM system
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
registers GSM mobile stations and user rights
stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and
sometimes even localized
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the
network subsystem
Mobile Handset
TEMPORARY DATA
PERMANENT DATA
- Current Location
- Ciphering Data
MOBILE
INK
L
WN
O
D
890MHz
915MHz
124
935MHz
960MHz
124
Access Mechanism
Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the
spectrum for the whole time
k1
k2
k3
k4
Advantages:
c
no dynamic coordination
necessary
works also for analog signals
Disadvantages:
waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
inflexible
t
guard spaces
k5
k6
Time multiplex
Disadvantages:
precise
synchronization
necessary
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
k5
k6
c
f
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
f
INK
L
WN
O
D
890MHz
915MHz
124
935MHz
960MHz
124
Code Multiplex
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Cells
increase capacity
without adding NEW BTS!
I wish I could
Representation of Cells
Ideal cells
Fictitious cells
Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain
transmission area (cell)
Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
Advantages of cell structures:
higher capacity, higher number of users
less transmission power needed
more robust, decentralized
base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally
Problems:
fixed network needed for the base stations
handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
interference with other cells
Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country
side (GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
6
K = i + ij + j
2
K = 22 + 2*1 + 12
K=4+2+1
K=7
7
6
2
i
4
D =
Frequency re-use distance is based on the cluster size K
3K * R
D = 4.58R
The cluster size is specified in terms of the offset of the center of a cluster from the center
of the adjacent cluster
K = i2 + ij + j2
K = 22 + 2*0 + 02
K=4+0+0
D
D =
3K * R
D = 3.46R
K=4
R
i
2
1
5
7
6
3
4
1
5
7
6
2
1
7
6
5
2
1
5
7
6
3
4
4
2
1
5
3
4
2
3
1
4
1
4
3
2
1
4
2
3
3
2
9
8
9
10
2
7
11
3
1
6
9
8
7
4
5
10
7
1
6
11
3
12
4
12
4
12
11
11
10
10
2
12
Rural
Highway
Suburb
Town
INK
L
WN
O
D
890MHz
915MHz
124
935MHz
960MHz
124
Downlink TDMA
F1MHz
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
Fixed transmit
Delay of three time-slots
Uplink TDMA
Frame
F1 + 45MHz
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
qu
en
c
935-960 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
downlink
fre
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
8
4.615 ms
tail
3 bits
user data
S Training S
user data
57 bits
1 26 bits 1
57 bits
guard
tail space
546.5 s
577 s
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
FULL RATE
Bm 22.8 Kb/S
SIGNALLING
HALF RATE
Lm 11.4 Kb/S
BROADCAST
FCCH
SCH
COMMON CONTROL
DEDICATED CONTROL
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
BOTH UP &
DOWNLINKS
Common Control
Channel - CCH
Paging channel (PCH) is a base to
mobile channel used to alert a mobile
to a call originating from the network
Random access channel (RACH) is a
mobile to base channel used to request
for dedicated resources
Access grant channel (AGCH) is a base
to mobile which is used to assign
dedicated resources (SDCCH or TCH)
Dedicated Control
Channel - DCCH
Stand-alone dedicated control
channel (SDCCH) is a bidirectional channel allocated to a
specific mobile for exchange of
location update information and
call set up information
Dedicated Control
Channel - DCCH
Slow associated control channel (SACCH) is a
bi-directional channel used for exchanging
control information between base and a
mobile during the progress of a call set up
procedure. The SACCH is associated with a
particular traffic channel or stand alone
dedicated control channel
Fast associated control channel (FACCH) is a
bi-directional channel which is used for
exchange of time critical information between
mobile and base station during the progress
of a call. The FACCH transmits control
information by stealing capacity from the
FREQUENCY
CORRECTION
BURST - FB
SYNCHRONISATION
BURST - SB
57
26
142
39
ACCESS
BURST - AB
TAIL BIT
ENCRYPTION BIT
57
39
64
41
GUARD PERIOD
TRAINING BITS
36
FIXED BITS
FLAG BITS
8.25
8.25
8.25
68.25
SYNCHRONISATION BITS
MIXED BITS
HIERARCHY OF FRAMES
1 HYPER FRAME = 2048 SUPERFRAMES = 2 715 648 TDMA FRAMES ( 3 H 28 MIN 53 S 760 MS )
0
48
49 50
SIGNALLING CHANNELS
1 SUPER FRAME = 26 MULTI FRAMES
24
25
24 25
1 MULTI FRAME = 51 TDMA FRAMES (235 .4 ms )
0
(4.615ms)
0
5 6
48 49 50
7 0
3 4
155 156
1 bit =36.9 micro sec
4 5
0
(4.615 ms)
1
7 0
GSM Frame
SACCH is
transmitted
in frame 12
0 to 11 and 13 to 24
Are used for traffic data
0
Full rate
channel is
idle in 25
57
12
26
24
Frame
duration =
120ms
25
57
Frame
duration =
60/13ms
8.25
Frame
duration =
15/26ms
LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
FULL RATE
Bm 22.8 Kb/S
SIGNALLING
HALF RATE
Lm 11.4 Kb/S
BROADCAST
FCCH
SCH
COMMON CONTROL
DEDICATED CONTROL
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
BOTH UP &
DOWNLINKS
MOBILE
Transmit Path
BS Side
8 bit A-Law
to
13 bit Uniform
8 K sps
RPE/LTP speech Encoder
MS Side
8 K sps,
LPF
A/D
Sampling Rate - 8K
Encoding - 13 bit Encoding (104 Kbps)
RPE/LTP - Regular Pulse Excitation/Long Term Prediction
RPE/LTP converts the 104 Kbps stream to 13 Kbps
GSM Frame
SACCH is
transmitted
in frame 12
0 to 11 and 13 to 24
Are used for traffic data
0
Full rate
channel is
idle in 25
57
12
26
24
Frame
duration =
120ms
25
57
Frame
duration =
60/13ms
8.25
Frame
duration =
15/26ms
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
57 bits
1 26
57 bits
SS
HLR
MM + CM
MSC
VLR
RR
BSC
BTS
Radio interface
Link Layer
LAPDm is used between MS and BTS
LAPD is used between BTS-BSC
MTP2 is used between BSCMSC/VLR/HLR
Network Layer
To distinguish between CC, SS, MM and RR
protocol discriminator (PD) is used as network
address.
CC call control management MS-MSC.
SS supplementary services management MSMSC/HLR.
MM mobility management(location management,
security management) MS-MSC/VLR.
RR radio resource management MS-BSC.
A Interface
MAP
Q931 BSSAP
SCCP
TCAP
CCS7
SCCP
HLR
AC
EIR
VLR
CCS7 MTP
CCS7 MTP
Um
Q.921
Radio Interface
MSC
BSC BTS
Q.931
Q.921
A-Bis Interface
Abis
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
CM
MM
MM
BSSAP
RR
BTSM
RR
BTSM
LAPDm
RR
LAPDm
LAPD
LAPD
radio
radio
PCM
PCM
16/64 kbit/s
BSSAP
SS7
SS7
PCM
PCM
64 kbit/s /
2.048 Mbit/s
CONTROL
SAPI
N(S)
N(R)
Data:
Conveyed in timeslots of 4X16 kbit/s. The initial user
rate, which may be 300, 1200, is adjusted to 16
kbit/s
SAPI
ADRESS
CONTROL
FCS
TEI
N(S)
N(R)
FLAG
LAPD
The length is limited to 260 octets of information.
LAPD has the address of the destination terminal,
to identify the TRX, since this is a point to
multipoint interface.
Each TRX in a BTS corresponds to one or several
signaling links. These links are distinguished by
TEI (Terminal Equipment Identities).
SAPI=0, SAPI=3, SAPI=62 for OAM.
TRAU
BSC
LAPD TS1
OAM
Speech TS
Transcoding
CCS7 TS
X.25 TS2
PCM
LINK
Speech TS
CCS7 TS
X.25 TS2
PCM
LINK
MSC
OMC
MS
NSS
CM
CM
BTS
O
A
M
R
R
Um
Interface
LAPDm
LAPDm
RADIO
RADIO
MM
BSC
BSSAP
O
A
M
L
A
P
D
R
R
L
A
P
D
PCM
D
T
A
P
B
S
S
M
A
P
BSSAP
DTAP/
BSSMAP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP2
SCCP
MTP3
MTP2
PCM
A bis
Interface
PCM E1 T1
A
Interface
T
C
A
P
ISUP/TUP
MM
M
A
P
SCCP
MTP3
MTP2
MTP1
MS
BSC
MSC
PD=RR
PD=MM
TI=a
TI=b
Link: SAPI=0
PD=CC
DLCI: SAPI=0
Link: SAPI=3
Channel=C1
TI=A
DLCI: SAPI=3
DTAP
Channel ID = N1
SCCP Ref=R1
Channel=C2
Channel ID = N1
SCCP Ref=R2
TRX:TEI=T1
Radio Interface
Abis Interface
A Interface
Bearer Services
Telecommunication services to transfer data
between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal
interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original
standard)
Data service
Synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s
Asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s
Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via
mobile phones.
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security
measurements etc.
Offered services.
Mobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the
traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz.
Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112); Mandatory for all
service providers; Free of charge; Connection with the highest
priority (preemption of other connections possible).
Multinumbering
several ISDN phone numbers per user possible.
Disadvantages of GSM
Thank You