ECW 351

PREPARED BY:
Hj ELIAS MOHD DEN
B.Eng(Civil Eng)(Liverpool)
MSc (Water Eng)(Strathclyde)
UiTM PAHANG.
(e-mail: eliasalaf@pahang.uitm.edu.my)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROLOGY

THE SUB-TOPICS
1.1 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
1.2 CATCHMENT AND WATER BUDGET
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson students should be able to :
1. Describe the process of hydrological cycle.
2. Calculate the various components of hydrological
cycle using the
water budget equations.

Introduction to Hydrology
Hydrology Science of water that deals with the occurrence ,
circulation and distribution of water on earth, underground and in
the atmosphere.
Most of hydrological works is concerned with measurement,
correlation and prediction of hydrological data.
Examples:- measurement of precipitation that occurs in a particular
area
- prediction of floods or extreme rainfall events
- correlation of precipitation and streamflow
Measurements may be used to determine parameters such as min
flow in river, storage
required for water supply during drought, max flow through
reservoir for spillway design and etc.
Hydrology can be divided into ;(i) Surface water hydrology tackles area between atmosphere and
surface of earth.
(ii) Groundwater hydrology - tackles the subsurface portion of the earth.

1.1 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

Hydrological cycle - a continuous process of water movement in
various forms, phases and places between the atmosphere , land
and the oceans.
Ocean - major source of water, the atmosphere - the conveyer of
water and the land - the water user.
Precipitation, (P)

sun

clou
d
Evaporatio
n, (E)
ocean

Runoff,
(R)

Transpiration, (T)

Infiltration,
(G)
River/strea
m

Simplified view of
the Hydrological
Cycle
Groundwater
(WT)

From oceans evaporation takes place , releases water vapour , and its
accumulation will result in cloud formation. The cloud rise due to
mountain ranges . As it rises , it cools , condenses and converts
back into liquid and falls as (P). Part will evaporate back, others may
be intercepted by vegetations and evaporate back to atmosphere
thro (T). Part infiltrate (G) into ground until it reaches WT. The
remaining will flow over earths surface as ( R) . The runoff flows into
streams where its ending point is to flow back to the ocean and this

1.2 CATCHMENT AND WATER BUDGET

A catchment portion of earths surface that collects runoff and
concentrates it at the furthest downstream point, the catchment outlet

Watershed- a large catchment

area
Catchme
Basin- a small catchment
nt
area

The interpretation of hydrological cycle within the confines of

catchment leads to the
concept of hydrological budget or water budget.
Water budget - an accounting of water within a particular catchment
area, ( it
accounts the hydro- cycle in quantitative manner or the
mathematical expression
Mathematical
expression
of the hydrocycle.). of Water Budget . The parameters are, I =
inflow , O=outflow, S = change in storage within the catchment, t =
time.
I

(a) Difference of inflow and outflow;

I - O = S / t ------------(i)
(b)In finite form;
( I1 + I2 ) / 2 - ( O1 + O2 ) / 2 = (S2
S1) / t ---- (ii)

Written in terms of surface & ground water as: S = P ( E + T + G

+ R ) --------- (iii)
Assuming S = 0 , equation becomes :
R = P L -------- (iv)
(where L = E+T+G)
The ratio of runoff to precipitation , the runoff coefficient , C = R / P
Example
-------- (v) 1.
The storage in river reach at particular time is 20 x 10 3 m3 . At that
time , the inflow and outflow of the reach are 10 m3/s and 15 m3/s . An
hour later the inflow is 15 m3/s and outflow is 16 m3/s. Calculate the
change in storage and new storage at the end of one hour.
Solution.
I1 = 10 m3/s I2 = 15 m3/s , O1 = 15 m3/s , O2 = 16 m3/s , S1 = 20
x 103m3 , t = 1 hr
from equ. (ii) S = { (I1 + I2 )/2 - ( O1 + O2 )/2 } t
= { (10 + 15) /2 - (15 + 16)/2} 3600
= -10,800 m3
The new storage , S2 = S1 + S
= 20 000 - 10 800
= 9200 m3

Example 2.
A lake had a water surface elevation of 100.0 m above datum at the
beginning of a certain month. In that month lake received inflow of 5.0
m3/s from runoff and outflow of 5.5 m3/s. Further in that month , the lake
received a rainfall of 135 mm and evaporation from lake was estimated
to be 60 mm. The average surface area of lake was 45 km 2. Write the
water budget equation and calculate the new water surface elevation at
the end of the month.
135 mm
5.5m3/s
3
5
m
/s
Solution.
60 mm

h
100 m

A = 45 km2

WBE ,

S / t = I - O ------ (1)
Inflow : ( 5 x 1 x 30 x 24 x 3600 ) + 0.135 x 45 x 10

= 19.03 x

106 m3
6

from (1) , S = (19.03 16.96) x 106 m3 = 2.07 x 106 m3

h = S / A = 2.07 x 106 m3 / 45 x 106 m3 = 0.046 m.
Therefore , new water elevation = 100 + 0.046 = 100.046 m

Example 3.
In a given year , a catchment with an area of 2000 km2 received 1500 mm
of rainfall. The average rate of flow in river draining the area was 30 m 3/s .
Estimate the amount of water lost due to the combined effects of
evaporation, transpiration and infiltration to the ground. Calculate the
runoff coefficient of the area.
Solution.

P =1500 mm
A = 2000
km2
L=?

R = 30
x 3600)
/ (2000 x 106 )
m3/s
= 1027 mm

from (iv) , P = R + L

L = P R = 1.5 - (30 x 365 x 24

= 1.5 0.473 = 1.027 m
C = R / P = 0.473/1.5 =

0.315

1.3 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLOGY

Hydrology has a wide range of applications in engineering related to WR
projects. It provide solutions for many practical problems such as ;
(a) What is the max. probable flood at a proposed dam site ?
(b)How does catchments total inflow water yield vary from season to
season and year
to year ?
(c) what is the relationship between catchments surface water and
ground water ?
(d) Given the natural variability of stream flows , what is the
appropriate size of storage reservoir ?
Answers to Tutorial.
1. h = 0.05 m
= 0.29

5. t = 1.33 x 105 s

2. E = 10.27 x 102 ha-cm/d

3.

S = - 28, 800 m3
S2 = 31 200 m3

4. L = -274 x 104 m3

7.

6.

9. L = 92.2 cm , C

S = 0.463 x 109 m3

E = 0.145 m

8. L = 0.057 m , C = 0.457

TAZKIRAH : Kerjakan Amalan-Amalan

Sunnah
Sesungguhnya pada hari kiamat nanti , yang
pertama kali dihisab pada amal manusia adalah
Solat. Tuhan kita Azza wa jalla berfirman
kepada malaikatnya, Lihatlah solat hamba-ku.
Apakah
ia
telah
menyempurnakan
atau
menguranginya. Jika solatnya sempurna, maka
akan ditulis untuknya amalannya sempurna.
Dan jika ada kekurangan pada solatnya, Allah
berfirman, Lihat , apakah hamba ku punyai
amalan sunnah. Jika ia punya amalan sunnah,
maka sempurnakan amalan fardhu dengan
amalan sunnah tersebut. Kemudian semua