Forward Scheduling

Forward scheduling is taking a job

with a number of tasks and allocates
those tasks to resources as early as
possible
when
resources
the
resources allow. Forward scheduling
may result in jobs being completed
earlier then the requested due date
because
forward
scheduling
schedules the tasks as early as
possible.

Backward Scheduling
Backward Scheduling refers to the
process of scheduling the activities
by commencing with the deadlines
or latest possible finish date and
time of activities and working
backwards in reverse order of time,
ultimately
revealing
the
latest
possible start date and time.
Backward
Scheduling
is
commonly
used
to
schedule

Backward Scheduling
Example of warehouse operations:
1. Picking of goods from warehouse,
2. Loading activities to be carried out,
3. Time of the release of trucks for
delivery to customers or stores.
(number of trucks)

Productivity refers to relation between quality product (OUTPUT) and quantity of

resource used in the course of production (INPUT)

INPUT

Labour

Land
Capit
al

Productivity

Production

Outputs
Inputs

Difference Between Productivity And Production

Production is an absolute concept

Efficiency

Production

ivity
t
c
u
Prod res the
su
e
mea cy of th
ien
effic duction
pro
em
syst

Refers

Volume

Productivity

Production
may
increase
but
productivity may decline due to
insufficient use of resources

Quality
Production
Cost

PRODUCTIVITY

Technology
Political
&
Economic
factor

Human
factor

Quality
Quality control offers several advantages
a. It helps to improve the brand image of the enterprise.
b. It helps to reduce costs by cutting down wastes
caused by the production of defective products.
c. It helps to increase sales turnover.
d. It enables the entrepreneur to face competition more
effectively in domestic as well as international
markets.
e. It helps the entrepreneur to determine costs and
prices at competition levels in advance of production.
f. It enables the manufacturer to comply with quality
standards prescribed by the government.

Technological
Technological factors exert significant influence on the
level of productivity. These include the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Size and capacity of plant

Product design and standardization
Timely supply of materials and fuel
Repairs and maintenance
Production planning and control
Materials handling system
Inspection and quality control
Machinery and equipment used
Research and development
Inventory control

Managerial Factor
Continu
ous
Learning

Attitude

Competence

Motivation

In many organizations, productivity is low despite latest

technology and trained manpower. This is due to inefficient
and indifferent management. Competent and dedicated
managers can obtain extraordinary results from ordinary
people.

Human factor
Human nature and human behavior are the most significant determinants of
productivity. Human factors include both their ability as well as their willingness:
Ability to work is governed by : -

Willingness to work is governed by :-

1)
2)
3)
4)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Training
Education
Experience
Aptitude of the employees

Incentive Scheme
Labour Participation in Management
Promotion Policy
Union Management Relationship
Working Hours
Subsidized Canteen
Company Transport

Political & Economic Factor

Political Factors: Law and order, stability of Government,
harmony between States, etc. are essential for high productivity
in industries Taxation policies of the Government influence
willingness to work, capital formation, modernization and
expansion of plants etc. Industrial policy affects the size, and
capacity of plants. Tariff policies influence competition.
Elimination of sick and inefficient units also helps to improve
productivity.
Economic Factors: Size of the market, banking and credit
facilities, transport and communication systems, etc. is important
factors influencing productivity.

Efficiency is Pleasure
Efficiency mean doing things in right manner. Performing or
functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of
time and effort.
Effectiveness mean doing right things. It is result oriented.It
means being able to achieve set goals.
Efficiency is about resource optimization, but without being
effective it is irrelevant how efficient you can be, because it is not
sustainable in the long term.

Effectiveness is Happiness

Key Drivers to increase Productivity, Efficiency &

Effectiveness

It is known that good 5S practices can help to reduce the wastes in

operations, thereby improving overall workplace productivity.

Seven Pillars Of Total Productive

Maintenance (TPM)

Increases the efficiency of the machine or available hour through planned

maintenance.
Reduces breakdown of machine
Motivates Employees working at shop floor
Increases the skill of an operator