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Fifth edition
Seeley, Stephens and Tate
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Slide 2.1
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Slide 10.1a
Blood
Figure 10.1
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Slide 10.1b
Blood: Functions
Transportation system
Temperature regulation
Acid-base balance (blood buffers)
Protection
Clotting
Antibody production
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Slide 10.1a
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Slide 10.2
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Slide 10.2
Blood Plasma
Approximately 90% water
Transports dissolved substances
Nutrients
Salts (electrolytes, ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products
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Slide 10.3
Blood
Figure 10.1
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Slide 10.1b
Plasma Proteins
Albumin regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins active in clot
formation
Antibodies help protect the body from
illness and infection
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Slide 10.4
Formed Elements
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Slide 10.5a
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Slide 10.6
An Erythrocyte
Figure 17.3
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Slide 10.6
Fate of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize
proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
Removed by phagocytes in the spleen
or liver
New RBCs made by stem cells in bone
marrow
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Slide 10.15
Slide 10.15
Erythrocytes: Disorders
Anemias:
Hemorrhagic: due to blood loss
Aplastic: RBCs not made
Hemolytic: RBCs destroyed
Polycythemia: too many RBCs
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Slide 10.6
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing protein
Binds reversibly to oxygen
Each molecule has four oxygen binding
sites
Each erythrocyte can carry 250 million
hemoglobin molecules
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Slide 10.7
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Slide 10.8
Types of Leukocytes
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Slide 10.8
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Slide 10.9
Slide 10.9
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
Include
neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Granulocytes
Neutrophils:
Multilobed nucleus with
Fine, pale purple
granules in cytoplasm
Act as phagocytes
Most numerous in
blood
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Slide 10.11a
Types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Granulocytes
Eosinophils:
Large brick-red
cytoplasmic granules
Respond to allergies and
parasites
Rare in blood
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Slide 10.11a
Types of Leukocytes
Eosinophils
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Granulocytes
Basophils:
Have dark blue/black granules
Granules contain histamine,
serotonin, heparin
Initiate inflammation
Rarest in blood
Most live in respiratory tract
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Slide 10.11b
Types of Leukocytes
Basophils
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10b
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes:
Nucleus fills most of the
cell
Major role in immunity
B lymphocytes
make antibodies
plasma cells
T lymphocytes: mediate
function of B cells
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Slide 10.12
Types of Leukocytes
Slide 10.10a
Lymphocytes
Figure 10.4
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Agranulocytes
Monocytes:
Largest of the white blood
cells
Function as phagocytes
Called macrophages in
tissues
Fight chronic infection
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Slide 10.12
Types of Leukocytes
Monocytes
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Platelets
Cytoplasmic fragments of marrow cells
(megakaryocytes)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
Replaced in 24 hours
(apheresis)
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Slide 10.13
Types of Leukocytes
Platelets
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
All blood cells are derived from a
common stem cell
Hemocytoblast
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Slide 10.14
Hematopoiesis
Figure 10.4
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Slide 10.10a
Slide 10.18
Slide 10.19
Hemostasis, cont
Fig. 11.8
Platelet plug
formation
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Slide 10.19
Vascular Spasms
Anchored platelets release serotonin
Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing blood loss
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Slide 10.20
Coagulation
Injured tissues release thromboplastin
Thromboplastin, clotting factors, and
calcium ions interact to trigger a clotting
cascade
Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
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Slide 10.21a
Coagulation
Slide 10.21a
Fig. 11.9
Coagulation
Process requires Vit. K
Thrombin converts fibrinogen proteins
into hair-like fibrin
Fibrin forms a meshwork: traps RBCs
(the basis for a clot)
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Slide 10.21b
Clot Retraction
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Slide 10.21b
Blood Clotting
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Slide 10.22
Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly
Coronary thrombosis
DVT: deep vein thrombosis
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Slide 10.23
Thrombus in Artery
Undesirable Clotting
Embolus
Clot moving through a vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the brain, lung
Pulmonary embolism
Cerebral embolism
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Slide 10.23
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency
Causes bleeding from small blood vessels
Can result from chemo, radiation
May be age-related
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Slide 10.24
Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Many types, depending on clotting factor
A gene mutation: Queen Victoria
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Slide 10.24
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Slide 10.25
Slide 10.25
Slide 10.26a
Slide 10.26a
Blood Typing
Blood antigens
Type A
Type B
Agglutininins (Ab)
Act in blood typing
Antigen-antibody
reaction
Slide 10.26b
Slide 10.27a
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Slide 10.27b
Blood Groups
Blood Types and their
corresponding Abs
Type A, anti-B
Type B, Anti-A
Type AB, neither
Type O, both
Rh Blood Groups
Depends on presence or absence of Rh
antigens (agglutinogen D)
Most Americans are Rh+ (85%)
Rest are Rh Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood
into a body with Rh blood
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Slide 10.28
Slide 10.29a
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Slide 10.29b
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Slide 10.29b
Erythroblostosis
fetalis, or
Hemolytic
disease of the
newborn
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Slide 10.29b
Blood Typing
Blood samples are mixed with anti-serum
anti-A: against A antigens
anti-B: against B antigens
Presence/absence of agglutination
determines blood type
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Slide 10.30
Blood Typing
Blood Typing
Typing for Rh factors is done in the same
manner
Cross matching
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs
by the recipients serum
testing for agglutination of recipient
RBCs by the donors serum
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Slide 10.30