(1.

1) Introduction

Mechanics of materials
is a branch of mechanics that studies the

internal effects
of

stress
and

strain
in a

solid body
that is
subjected to an

external loading.

(1.1) Introduction
Historical Development
The origin of mechanics of materials dates back to the beginning of the 17th
century, when

Galileo Galilei

(15 February 1564 8 January 1642)

performed experiments to study the effects of loads on rods and beams

made of various materials.

(1.1) Introduction
Historical Development
At the beginning of the 18th century, experimental methods for testing
materials were vastly improved, and at that time many experimental and
theoretical studies in this subject were undertaken primarily in France, by
such notables as:

Simon Denis
Poisson
(June 21, 1781 April 25,
1840)

Claude-Louis Navier
(February 10, 1785 August 21,
1836)

Gabriel Lon Jean Baptiste

Lam
(22 July 1795 1 May 1870)

Adhmar Jean Claude Barr de

Saint-Venant

(1.1) Introduction
Historical Development
Over the years,
after many of the fundamental problems of mechanics of materials had been
solved,
it became necessary to use
advanced mathematical and computer techniques
to solve more complex problems.
As a result,
this subject expanded into other areas
such as the

of mechanics,

theory of elasticity
and the

theory of plasticity.
Research in these fields is ongoing,
in order to meet the demands for solving more advanced problems in
engineering.

(1.2) Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Loads
A body is subjected to only two
types of external loads; namely,
surface forces or body forces.

Surface Forces
Surface forces are caused by the
direct contact of one body with the
surface of another

Concentrated Force
(Idealized) If the area is small in
comparison with the total surface
area of the body.

Linear distributed Load

(Idealized) If the surface loading
is applied along a narrow strip of
area.

Body Forces
A body force is developed when one

The
resultant force of is
equivalent to the area
under
the
distributed
loading curve, and this
resultant acts through the

(1.2) Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Support Reactions

As a general rule, if the support prevents translation in a given

direction, then a force must be developed on the member in that
direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must

(1.2) Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent
the body from translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or
curved path,

and a

balance of moments, to prevent the body from rotating.

Often in engineering practice the loading on a body can be represented as a

system of coplanar forces. If this is the case, and the forces lie in the xy
plane, then the conditions for equilibrium of the body can be specified with
only three scalar equilibrium equations; that is,

(1.2) Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings
Normal Force, N
This force acts perpendicular to the area. It
is developed whenever the external loads
tend to push or pull on the two segments of
the body.

Shear Force, V
The shear force lies in the plane of the area
and it is developed when the external loads
tend to cause the two segments of the body
to slide over one another.

Torsional moment or Torque, T

This effect is developed when the external
loads tend to twist one segment of the body
with respect to the other about an axis
perpendicular to the area.

Bending moment, M
The bending moment is caused by the

(1.2) Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Coplanar Loadings

Using the coordinate axes:

(1.3) Stress

Stress
The intensity of the internal force
acting on a specific plane (area)
passing through a point.

Assumptions
Continuous

To consist of a continuum
or uniform distribution of
matter having no voids

Cohesive

All portions of it are

connected together, without
having breaks, cracks, or
separations

(1.3) Stress
Normal Stress,

The intensity of the force acting normal to is defined as the

normal stress, (sigma)

Tensile Stress
If the normal force or stress pulls on

Compressive Stress
If the normal force or stress pushes on

(1.3) Stress
Shear Stress,

The intensity of the force acting tangent to is defined as the

shear stress, (tau)

Note that in this subscript notation z specifies the orientation of the area ,
and and indicate the axes along which each shear stress acts.

(1.3) Stress
General State of Stress

If the body is further sectioned

by planes parallel to the plane, and the plane,
we can then cut out a cubic volume element of material
that represents the state of stress
acting around the chosen point in the body.
This state of stress is then
characterized by three components
acting on each face of the element.

(1.3) Stress
Units

International Standard (LeSystmeInternational d'Units) or SI

System

Foot-Pound-Second (FPS) System

(1.4) Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded

Bar
Prismatic Bar
When the load is applied to the bar through

the centroid of its cross-sectional area, then

the bar will deform uniformly throughout the
central region of its length, provided the
material of the bar is both homogeneous
and isotropic.
Homogenous Material
The same physical and mechanical properties
throughout its volume

Isotropic Material
The same physical and mechanical properties in
all directions

All cross sections are the

same throughout its
length

(1.4) Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded

Average NormalBar
Stress Distribution

If we let and therefore ,

then, recognizing is constant, we have

Where:
average normal stress at any point on the crosssectional area
internal resultant normal force, which acts
through the centroid of the cross-sectional
area. is determined using the method of
sections and the equations of equilibrium
cross-sectional area of the bar where is
determined

(1.5) Average Shear Stress

Where:
average shear stress at the section, which is assumed to be the same at
each point located on the section
internal resultant shear force on the section determined from the
equations of equilibrium
area at the section

(1.6) Allowable Stress (F.S. = Factor of Safety)

(1.7) Design of Simple Connections