SHALLOW

FOUNDATION
SUBMITED BY
SHWETA MISHRA

FOUNDATION
The lowest part of a structure is generally referred to as foundation.
FUNCTION
To transfer load of the superstructure to the soil on
which it is resting.
REQUIREMENT
A properly designed foundation is one that transfers the
structural load throughout the soil without overstressing of
soil which can result in either excessive settlement or shear
failure,
both of which can damage the structure.

YPES OF FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
DEEP FOUNDATION

Shallow foundation
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which
transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface,
rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as
does a deep foundation.
Shallow foundations include
spread footing foundations,
mat-slab foundations,
slab-on-grade foundations,
pad foundations,
rubble trench foundations,
earth bag foundations.

Requirements
Suitable soil bearing capacity
Undisturbed soil or engineered fill

Basic types or configurations

Column footings
Wall or strip footings

Concentrated Load

PLAN

ELEVATION

Distributed Load

PLAN

ELEVATION
Combined Rectangular Footing

PLAN

ISOMETRIC VIEW

Combined Trapezoidal Footing

ELEVATION

Wall Footing

Raft Foundation

Spread footing foundation

 Spread footing foundations, or simply footings, consists of

strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which
transfer the loads from walls and columns to the soil or
bedrock.
Embedment of spread footings is controlled by several
factors, including development of lateral capacity,
penetration of soft near-surface layers, and penetration
through near-surface layers likely to change volume due to
frost heave or shrink-swell
These foundations are common in residential construction
that includes a basement, and in many commercial
structures. But for high rise building it is not sufficient.

Mat-slab foundations
Mat-slab foundations are used to distribute heavy
column and wall loads across the entire building area,
to lower the contact pressure compared to conventional
spread footings.
Mat-slab foundations can be constructed near the
ground surface, or at the bottom of basements. In highrise buildings, mat-slab foundations can be several
meters thick, with extensive reinforcing to ensure
relatively uniform load transfer.

lab-on-grade foundation

Slab-on-grade foundations are

commonly used in areas with
expansive clay soil, particularly
in California and Texas
While elevated structural slabs
actually perform better on
expansive clays, it is generally
accepted by the engineering
community that slab-on-grade
foundations offer the greatest
cost-to-performance ratio for
tract homes.
Elevated structural slabs are
generally only found on custom
homes or homes with

Raft slab house foundation

Rubble Trench foundation

The rubble trench foundation, a

construction approach popularized
by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a
type of foundation that uses loose
stone or rubble to minimize the use
of concrete and improve drainage.
It is considered more
environmentally friendly than other
types of foundation because
cement manufacturing requires the
use of enormous amounts of
energy.
However, some soil environments
(such as particularly expansive or
poor load-bearing (< 1 ton/so) soils)
are not suitable for this kind of

Earth bag foundation

The basic construction method begins by digging a trench
down to undisturbed mineral subsoil.
Rows of woven bags (or tubes) are filled with available
material, placed into this trench, compacted with a
pounder to around 1/3 thickness of pre-pounded
thickness, and form a foundation.
Each successive layer will have one or more strands of
barbed wire placed on top.
This digs into the bag's weave and prevents slippage of
subsequent layers, and also resists any tendency for the
outward expansion of walls.
The next row of bags is offset by half a bag's width to
form a staggered pattern.
These are either pre-filled with material and delivered, or
filled in place (often the case with Super adobe).
The weight of this earth-filled bag pushes down on the
barbed wire strands, locking the bag in place on the row
below.

Thank you