The History of

the Modern
Periodic Table

During the nineteenth century,

chemists began to categorize the
elements according to similarities
in their physical and chemical
properties. The end result of
these studies was our modern
periodic table.

Johann Dobereiner

In 1829, he classified some elements into

groups of three, which he called triads.
The elements in a triad had similar
chemical properties and orderly physical
properties.
(ex. Cl, Br, I and
Ca, Sr, Ba)

Model of triads
1780 - 1849

John Newlands

In 1863, he suggested that elements be

arranged in octaves because he noticed
(after arranging the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass) that certain
properties repeated every 8th element.

Law of Octaves
1838 - 1898

John Newlands
Newlands' claim to see a repeating pattern was met
with savage ridicule on its announcement. His
classification of the elements, he was told, was as
arbitrary as putting them in alphabetical order and
his paper was rejected for publication by the
Chemical Society.

1838 - 1898

Law of Octaves

John Newlands
Would his law of octaves work today with
the first 20 elements?

1838 - 1898

Law of Octaves

Dmitri Mendeleev
In 1869 he published a table of
the elements organized by
increasing atomic mass.

1834 - 1907

Lothar Meyer
At the same time, he published his own
table of the elements organized by
increasing atomic mass.

1830 - 1895

Elements known at this time

 Both Mendeleev and Meyer arranged

the elements in order of increasing
atomic mass.
Both left vacant spaces where unknown
elements should fit.

So why is Mendeleev called the father

of the modern periodic table and not
Meyer, or both?

Mendeleev...
stated that if the atomic weight of an
element caused it to be placed in the
wrong group, then the weight must be
wrong. (He corrected the atomic
masses of Be, In, and U)
was so confident in his table that he
used it to predict the physical
properties of three elements that were
yet unknown.

After the discovery of these unknown

elements between 1874 and 1885, and the
fact that Mendeleevs predictions for Sc,
Ga, and Ge were amazingly close to the
actual values, his table was generally
accepted.

However, in spite of Mendeleevs great

achievement, problems arose when new
elements were discovered and more
accurate atomic weights determined. By
looking at our modern periodic table, can
you identify what problems might have
caused chemists a headache?
Ar and K
Co and Ni
Te and I

Henry Moseley

In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he

determined the actual nuclear charge
(atomic number) of the elements*. He
rearranged the elements in order of
increasing atomic number.
*There is in the atom a fundamental
quantity which increases by regular
steps as we pass from each element to
the next. This quantity can only be the
charge on the central positive nucleus.

1887 - 1915

Henry Moseley
His research was halted when the British
government sent him to serve as a foot
soldier in WWI. He was killed in the
fighting in Gallipoli by a snipers bullet, at
the age of 28. Because of this loss, the
British government later restricted its
scientists to noncombatant duties during
WWII.

Glenn T. Seaborg

After co-discovering 10 new elements, in

1944 he moved 14 elements out of the
main body of the periodic table to their
current location below the Lanthanide
series. These became known
as the Actinide series.

1912 - 1999

Glenn T. Seaborg
He is the only person to have an element
named after him while still alive.
"This is the greatest honor ever bestowed
upon me - even better, I think, than
winning the Nobel Prize."

1912 - 1999

Periodic Table
Geography

The horizontal rows of the periodic table

are called PERIODS.

The elements in any group

of the periodic table have
similar physical and chemical
properties!

The vertical columns of the periodic table

are called GROUPS, or FAMILIES.

Periodic Law

When elements are arranged in order of

increasing atomic number, there is a
periodic pattern in their physical and
chemical properties.

Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Transition Metals

These elements are also

called the rare-earth
elements.

InnerTransition Metals

Halogens

Noble Gases

The s and p block elements

are called
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS.

The periodic table is the most important

tool in the chemists toolbox!

Periodic Properties
An atoms chemical properties are
determined by the electron configuration of
the outer energy level.
Most of the physical and chemical
properties of elements depend on the last
electron present in the highest energy level.
The properties of element that are
affected are metallic properties, atomic
radius, ionization energy, electron affinity,
ionic size and electron negativity.

Metallic Property
Elements that have 3 or less electrons
in the outer energy level are classified
as metals

Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
Metals are shiny.
Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
Metals are malleable (can
be pounded into thin
sheets).
A chemical property of
metal is its reaction with
water which results in
corrosion.

Properties of Non-metals

Sulfur

Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat
and electricity.
Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
Solid non-metals are
brittle and break
easily.
They are dull.
Many non-metals are
gases.

Properties of Metalloids

Silicon

Metalloids (metal-like)
have properties of both
metals and non-metals.
They are solids that can
be shiny or dull.
They conduct heat and
electricity better than
non-metals but not as
well as metals.
They are ductile and
malleable.

Trend of Metalicity
1. The most metallic elements are to the
left and to the bottom of the periodic
table. Thus in group 1 francium is the
most metallic. In group 2, radium is the
most metallic.
2. Noble gases are excluded.

Sample problem
Given: Fe, Cu, K, Ca, Mn
1. Which of the following elements is
the most metallic?
2. Arrange the following elements
according to the increasing
metalicity.

Electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a compound to
attract additional electrons toward
itself.
Electronegativity tends to increase
from left to right across each period
and decreases from top to bottom in
each family

1. In each set, which one is the most

electronegative?
a. W, Cr, Mo, Sg,
b. Br, Se, Ca, K

Ionization Energy
This is the amount of energy to
necessary to remove or dislodge an
electron or ion.
The ionization energy for the atoms
going across a period from left to right
generally increases

 The ionization energy decreases from

one atom to the next as one goes down
the family.
This is due to the fact that the valence
electrons are in the higher energy level
or at the farther distance from the
nucleus, which means that the nuclear
attraction is small, thus it is easier to
remove the electrons.

Sample Problem
1. In each set, which one has the
highest ionization energy?
a. Ar, He, Kr, Ne,
b. Br, Se, Ca, K

Electron Affinity
The energy released when an atom gains
an electron to form a negative ion.
Electron affinity increases within a
period from left to right.
As one goes down a group, electron
affinity decreases.

 This is because the valence electrons

are farther from the nucleus and
therefore, not as much as energy is
released when an electron is accepted
into the valence shell.

Atomic Radius
The radius of the atom is determined by
measuring the distance between the
nuclei of the bonded atoms.
Going across any period in the periodic
table, the atomic radius decreases due
to increasing nuclear charge.

Atomic Radius
Within a group, atomic radius increases
due to the build up of energy levels in
spite of the increase in the
electrostatic attraction and due to the
screening effect of the inner electrons
which reduces the force of attraction
between the nucleus and the outer
electrons.

Sample Problem
Using the Periodic Table, arrange the
following elements in the order of
increasing size:
1.Mo, Zr, Rh, In, Y
2.At, Br, At, F

Ionic Size
Cations (positively charged ions) are
always smaller than their atoms and the
Anions (negatively charged ions) are
always larger.

Sample Problem
1. In each of the following sets, tell
which would be the largest.
a. S, S2b. Al, Al3+