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Jayaramakrishna,
Project Officer, PK.OC
HAUL ROAD
Introduction:
The roads which are prepared for
plying of heavy earth moving
equipment for carrying of coal and
Overburden in Opencast Mines are
called Haul Roads.
Width
Height
Weight
Wheel Base.
Type of Braking System.
Steering ability.
Retarded performance.
Speed range on grades etc.,
result
in
Cont..
Achieving better safety standards
Improved working environment
and ergonomics for the operators
Increase in tyre life
Con..
A Good Haul Road will:
Increase in production by 30 %.
Reduced fuel consumption by 30 %.
If the road is provided for single traffic of vehicles with a strong road
divider at the centre, the width shall not be less than two times the
width of the largest dumper plying on the road plus 3 Mts.
Con..
Gradient:
At any place on the haul road not more than
1 in 16.
In case of small ramps over small stretches, a
gradient upto 1 in 10 may be permitted.
Visibility:
All corners and bends in roads shall have a clear
view of distance not less than three times the
braking distance of the largest HEMM working at
40 KMPH.
Con..
Embankment and Bund:
Where any road exists above level of
surrounding area, it shall be provided with
strong parapet wall / embankment with the
following dimensions.
Width at top not less than 1 Mt.
Width at bottom not less than 2.5 Mts.
The height of the bund lot less than the diameter of
the tyre of largest vehicle plying on the road.
Con..
Traffic Signs:
Traffic Signs may be speed limit signs,
stop signs, curving and intersection
warning signs which shall be provided at
required locations all along the haul roads.
Base Material.
Surface Material.
Site distance.
Gradient.
Haul Road width, road side berms and guard rails.
Traffic rules and signs.
Con..
SUPER ELEVATION
The amount by which the outer edge of the
road has to be raised is known as super
elevation. It is expressed in Mtr/ Mtr.
Here tan = Centrifugal force / truck weight
= mv2 / r . mg
= v2 /gr
Here, it is noted that angle is independent of
the weight of the truck.
SUPER ELEVATION
Vehicles negotiating curves are forced radially,
outward by Centrifugal force. Counter acting forces
are the frictions between the tyres and the road
surface, and the vehicle weight component due to
the super elevation.
The basic formula is
R min = V2 min / 127(e+f) where
e
= rate of super elevation
f
= co-efficient of lateral friction.
Resultant
weight
Con..
Effect of motion of the truck along a curved
road is skidding away.
This is counter balanced by the frictional
force between the tyres and roads which is
fully effective when the reaction at inner and
outer tracks is equal.
This is restored by proper super elevation.
When the centrifugal force is balanced by the
vehicle weight component, the slide friction
factor would be zero.
15
30
45
75
Speed in Km / hr
25
40
60
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
Con.
4. Due to work person crossing the blind
space in and around.
5. Dumper getting-off haul road due to
inadequate parapet wall /
embankment.
6. During reversal of dumper movement.
Rule-1 Procedures:
Authorized persons shall only drive or operate the
vehicles as assigned by the Mine Manager.
A private vehicle shall not be driven in the mine
premises unless authorized by the Mine Manager.
A driver working temporarily shall request and
receive permission to enter the mine premises from
mine Manager prior to driving a vehicle in the mine
premises.
Rule-2 Speed Limits:
Permanent or temporary speed limit set by the
mine Manager for any area of the mine shall be
adhered to.
Where visibility or road conditions are poor, the
driver shall reduce the speed of the vehicle to
maintain effective control.
Rule-5: General:
Vehicles shall not be driven over electric cables, air hoses or
water lines unless these are properly protected.
Seat belts shall be provided and shall be worn by operators at
all times while operating the vehicles.
Transport of persons in the vehicles is not allowed.
The drivers shall sound one blast of horn before moving off
from parked position.
No spillage on vehicles during transportation is allowed.
The vehicles shall be correctly illuminated during hours of
darkness.
Shall observe adequate clearance particularly when reversing,
parking, passing other vehicles.
Rule-6: Overtaking:
Overtaking any other Vehicle with caution may be done
provided:
The speed limit is not exceeded.
There is sufficient visibility of the road ahead.
The vehicles are clear of any road intersection or
junction.
Rule-7: Signs:
All Traffic signs are to be obeyed.
Warning signs are to be noted at all times.
Temporary signs shall be removed as soon as
possible after need for them ceases to exist.
Rule-9: Definitions:
The following vehicles are classified as Heavy vehicles:
Haul trucks
ANFO trucks
Fuel and water trucks
Wheel dozers and Loaders
Buses
The following vehicles are classified as Light vehicles:
Jeeps / Maruthi Gypsy's
Station wagons