Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Mukesh Sharma
Adsorption.
Adsorption
The binding and accumulation of molecules at the
surface
Adsorbate :- The substance, accumulates at the
surface
Adsorbent :- the material on the surface of
which the adsorption takes place is called
Adsorbent
sajeevan
Adsorption in action
(i) If a gas like O2, H2, CO, Cl2, NH3 or SO2 is
taken in a closed vessel containing powdered
charcoal, it is observed that the pressure of
the gas in the enclosed vessel decreases. The
gas molecules concentrate at the surface of the
charcoal, i.e., gases are adsorbed at the
surface.
Thermodynamics of adsorptions
new bond and attraction forces between
adsorbent and adsorbate , are formed,hence
H of adsorption is always negative.
When a gas is adsorbed, the freedom of
movement of its molecules become
restricted.
This leads to decrease in the entropy of the
gas after adsorption, i.e., S is negative
Thermodynamics of adsorptions
Adsorption is accompanied by decrease in
enthalpy as well as decrease in entropy of the
system.
For a process to be spontaneous, the
thermodynamic requirement is that, at constant
temperature and pressure, G must be
negative,
, G = H TS, G can be negative
if H has sufficiently high negative value as
TS is positive.
Types of Adsorption
Physisorption
Chemisorption
forces.
formation.
3. It is reversible in nature.
3. It is irreversible.
of temperature
increase of temperature.
needed.
needed.
-1
-1
Desorption.
13
Characteristics ofphysisorption
Nature of adsorbate /adsorbent : The amount of gas adsorbed by a solid depends on
the nature of gas.
In general, easily liquefiable gases (i.e., with higher
critical temperatures) are readily adsorbed as van der
Waals forces are stronger near the critical
temperatures
(iv) Surface area of adsorbent: x/m increases with
the increase of surface area of the adsorbent.
Thus, finely divided metals and porous substances
having large surface areas are good adsorbents.
Adsorption Isotherms
x/m = k.p1/n(n>1)(5.1)
where x is the mass of the gas adsorbed on
mass m of the adsorbent at pressure P, k and n
are constants which depend on the nature of
the adsorbent and the gas at a particular
temperature. The relationship 16is
Freundlich Isotherm
A graph between the amount (x/m) adsorbed by an adsorbent
and the equilibrium pressure of the adsorbate at constant
temperature is called adsorption isotherm
At low pressure the graph is nearly straight line
x
p1
m
At high pressure x/m becomes
independent of p
x
p0
m
Over a narrow range of p
x/m = k.p1/n(n>1
17
Langmuir isotherm
f: fraction of surface area covered
p: partial pressure of the adsorbate
1-f
Rate of adsorption
Rate of desorption
ra = k ap(1- f)
rd = k df
At equilibrium, ra = frd=
;
k ap
.........(i)
k ap+k d
x
=k 'af .........(2)
m
Mono-layer coverage
18
19
Activationof adsorbent
increasing the surface area of solid adsorbent by
converting into fine powder
To make it more efficient in adsorbing the molecules
Activated charcoal is used in gas masks as it adsorbs all
the toxic gases and vapours and purifies the air for
breathing.
20
Applications of Adsorption
22