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Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
Relate the concept of specific energy and
momentum equations in the effect of change in bed
level - Broad Crested Weir
Relate the concept of specific energy and
momentum equations in the effect of lateral
contraction of channel ( Venturi Flume)
Introduction
Analysis of steady non uniform flow in open
channels.
Non uniform flow occurs in transitions where
there is change in cross section or obstruction
in channel.
Analysis requires a different approach,
requiring the use of the energy equation in a
different form.
v2
E D
2g
(16.1)
For a wide rectangular channel, mean velocity is,
Q
Q
q
v
A BD D
(16.2)
(16.3)
dE
2q 2
1
dD
2 gD 3
When dE/dD = 0,
q
Critical depth, DC
g
2
gB
(16.4)
Sub.
q 2 gDC
gDC
3
E DC
DC
3
2
2 gDC
DC
2
E
3
1 D
1
dq
2
2g E D 2
1
dD
E D 2
(16.5)
When
becomes,
D DC ,
qmax
dq
1
0, E DC DC 0
dD
2
2
2
E 2g E E
3
3
Or qmax gDC
, (16.5)
2
2
g E
3
1
(16.6)
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Critical
velocity:
velocity
corresponding to critical depth.
Sub. E 3 2 D , D D into (16.1),
C
of
flow
3
v
DC DC C
2
2g
vC
gDC
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12
For any shape and cross sectional area the E for any
D,
v2
E D
2g
Since v = Q/A,
Q2
E D 2
2A g
(16.7)
dD
(16.9)
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A B
From (16.9)
vC g D
(16.10)
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Froude Number
Assume a surface wave
of
height
Z
is
propagated from left to
right of observer.
Wave is brought to rest
relative to observer by
imposing a velocity c
equal to wave velocity
on the observer, flow
will appear steady.
Mass per unit time(left of wave) Mass per unit time (right of wave)
B Z Z u u c B Z u u c
Zu uZ Zu cZ 0
c u Z Z Z u
(5.32)
gZ
c u
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Sub. u to (5.32),
c u Z gZ
Z Z c u
c u 2 Z Z g
gZ
18
c u
gZ
19
gD
vC
1
gDC
Important difference,
Subcritical : disturbances can travel upstream and
downstream thus enabling downstream conditions to
determine the behavior of the flow.
Supercritical: disturbances cannot travel upstream and thus
downstream cannot control the behavior of the flow.
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Tranquil
Critical
Shooting
Subcritical
Critical
Supercritical
Depth
D > DC
D = DC
D < DC
Velocity
v < vC
v = vC
v > vC
Fr
Fr < 1
Fr = 1
Fr > 1
Channel slope
Mild
Critical
Steep
Control
Downstream
Upstream
Disturbance
Standing waves
Waves cannot
travel upstream
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Shooting flow:
D decreases, v increases, E curve will be asymptotic to the E axis.
UiTMKS/ FCE/ BCBidaun/ ECW301
24
25
Example 4.1
A rectangular channel 8 m wide conveys water at a
rate of 15 m3/s. If the velocity in the channel is 1.5
m/s, determine;
a) E
b) DC
c) vc
d) Emin
e) Type of flow
UiTMKS/ FCE/ BCBidaun/ ECW301
26
Example 4.2
Determine the critical depth in the trapezoidal
channel shown below if the discharge in the channel
is 0.34 m3/s. The channel has side slopes with a
vertical to horizontal ratio of 1:1.
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Example 4.3
Determine the critical depth in a channel of triangular
cross section conveying water at a velocity of 2.75
m/s and at a depth of 1.25 m. The channel has side
slopes of 1:2.
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Exercise
A channel has a trapezoidal cross-section with a
base width of 0.6 m and sides sloping at 45 0.
When the flow along the channel is 20 m 3 min-1,
determine the critical depth. (0.27 m)
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Control sections
Control sections cross sections at which the flow
passes through the critical depth.
Such sections are limiting factor in the design of
channel. and some of the cases in which they occur
are:
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31
32
35
36
37
38
DC
2
gB
2
Q B gDC
DC
2
E
3
(16.11)
Q B
g E3
27
1.705 BE
39
H is the height of the upstream water level above the crest and
v is the mean velocity at a point upstream where flow is
uniform.
If the upstream depth is large compared with the depth over the
weir, (v2/2g) is negligible, therefore,
Rewriting (16.11),
(16.12)
EH
Q 1.705 BH
40
z D1 D2
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Example 4.4
A broad crested weir 500 mm high is used to measure
the discharge in a rectangular channel. The width of
the channel is 20 m and the height of the channel
upstream of the weir is 1.25 m. What is the discharge
in the channel if water falls freely over the weir?
Assume that the velocity upstream is very small.
Determine the difference in water level between
upstream and over the top of the weir.
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45
46
v
v
D1 1 D2 2
2g
2g
v2
B D
1 2 2 22
2 g
B1 D1
2
D1 D2 h
(applying Q1 Q2 )
v2
2 gh
BD
1 2 2
B1 D1
Q B2 D2 v2
Q B2 D2
2 gh
BD
1 2 2
B1 D1
47
Actual discharge,
Q Cd B2 D2
2 gh
B2 D2
1
B1 D1
48
49
50
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52
Example 4.5
A venturi flume is constructed in a channel
which is 3.5 m wide. If the throat width in the
flume is 1.2 m and the depth upstream from
the constriction is 1.25 m , calculate the
discharge in the channel when the depth at the
throat is 1.2 m. If the conditions are such that a
standing wave is formed, what is the
discharge?
UiTMKS/ FCE/ BCBidaun/ ECW301
53
Example 4.6
A Venturi flume is 2.5m wide and 1.4m deep
upstream with a throat width of 1.3m.
Assuming that a standing wave form
downstream, calculate the rate of flow of water
if the discharge coefficient is 0.94. Do not
ignore the velocity of approach.
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APR 2010
A 10 m wide channel conveys 25 m3/s of
water at a depth of 1.6 m. Determine :
i) specific energy of the flowing water
ii) critical depth, critical velocity and
minimum specific energy
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APR 2010
A venturi flume is 1.40 m wide at the entrance
and 0.7 m wide at the throat. Determine the
flow if the depths at the entrance and at the
throat is 0.8 m and 0.6 m respectively. Neglect
all losses.
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