NUCLEAR REACTIONS

It is the process in which a nucleus either combines

with another nucleus (through nuclear fusion) or
splits into smaller nuclei (through nuclear fission)

A radioactive particles may be elements,

electrons, protons, neutron, and among
others.

SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR

REACTIONS

1. Alpha decay: loss of an alpha particle

alpha decay of polonium- 210
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SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR

REACTIONS

2. Beta decay: loss of a beta particle

beta decay of carbon-14
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SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

3. Gamma radiation: emission of a gamma particle

gamma radiation in alpha decay of uranium - 268
--- (alpha decay)
---

SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

4. Positron

emission: conversion of a proton in a nucleus

into a neutron, releasing a positron,
Positron emission of oxygen -15

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SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

5. Electron capture: drawing of an electron,

, into an atoms nucleus

Electron capture of mercury-201

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SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

6. Bombardment of alpha particle: addition of alpha particle

Bombardment or beryllium with an alpha particle of .

---

SOME TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS

**other subatomic particles involved in an nuclear reactions are

proton and neutron
**the sum of atomic masses of the particles in the left side of the equation is equal to the
right side

Practice exercises
1. Ra -- Rn +____

2. Eu -- ___ +

Answers:

1. -- + (1)ALPHA DECAY

2. -- + (5.) ELECTRON CAPTURE

COSMIC ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

The Big bang Theory

The most widely accepted explanation on the birth of the universe

first expressed on 1900s, when EDWIN Hubble offered an
explanation that the universe in expanding. He observed that many
stars and galaxies shine with the light shifted toward the red end of
the visible spectrum (redshift) (HUBBLE LAW)-

COSMIC ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

(HUBBLE LAW)-

This theory suggest that the size of the redshift is proportion to the
distance and speed of the star moving away from Earth.

COSMIC ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

The Big bang Theory

It was postulates 14 billion years ago

Started in explosion and gases move accompanied with a huge
amount of light, after the explosion the subatomic particles were
formed.
as the expanding universe cooled, the protons and neutrons started to
fuse (combine) to form a heavier nuclei of deuterium and some into
helium.

Deuterium
-an isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
and one proton

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number

but different number of neutrons

of proton

proton

P
deuterium

tritium

neutro
n

n
n

helium

Big Bang nucleosynthesis. During the early universe, protons and

neutrons fused, forming heavier nuclei.

COSMIC ORIGIN OF ELEMENTS

Stellar formation an Evolution
H
He
C
Ne
O
Si

Neon fusion
Shell
oxygen fusion
Shell
silicon fusion
Shell

Fe

hydrogen fusion
Shell

core

helium fusion
Shell
carbon fusion
Shell

Stellar explosion
As the red giant star exhausted the
nuclear fuel of light element, its started to
collapse and eventually led to the
explosion of the star (SUPERNOVA)
which released huge amount of nuclear
energy and produced, through neutron
capture and radioactive decay, other
elements heavier than iron.

FILIPINO CHEMIST
Dr. Jose O. Juliano is distinguished academician in the field of nuclear chemistry
and physics
PhD in Nuclear Chemistry and Physics from the University of California
In 1959, he was one of the awardee of Ten Outstanding Young men for his
contribution in nuclear science
RESEARCHES: (a) rapid and non-destructive analysis of sulphur and calcium by
radioactivation and photoneutron counting; and (b) the disintegration of iron-52 and
iron-53
A member of the American Nuclear Society, American Physical Society, and The
American

END of lesson 1