AR 307:

Building Services-II

ILLUMINATION
Lecture 1
Illumination: Introduction
Light: Basics
Definitions of terms
Laws of Illumination
Light flux method
Types of Lamps, Luminaires.
Residential, Commercial,
Industry, flood and Street
lighting.

Illumination objective of study for

architects..

to understand importance of proper illumination from

human factors point of view eg. Ergonomics, anthropometry,
Psychology etc.
to know about proper ambient lighting for areas where
people work. eg. to provide safety and prevent accidents.
Lighting energy consumption contribute to 20 to 45% in
commercial buildings and about 3 to 10% in industrial plants.
Hence, to increase awareness of energy savings in lighting
systems realized with a minimal investment of capital and
common sense.
it may be necessary to consider modifications of the lighting
design in order to achieve the desired energy savings.
to make effort to produce light sources with higher
luminous efficacies, better color rendering properties and
longer life expectancies.

knowledge of purchase cost and maintenance

cost are also
quite essential for the proper choice.

Hence, Three primary considerations to ensure

energy efficiency in lighting systems are:
1. Selection of the most efficient light source
possible in order to minimize power costs and
energy consumption.
2. Matching the proper lamp type,
to the intended work task or aesthetic
application,
consistent with color, brightness
control and other
requirements.
3. Establishing adequate light levels to maintain
productivity
improve security and
increase safety.

Illumination history........
Luminous efficacies were increased enormously through
the centuries
from 0.01 lm/W candle to above 100 lm/W for modern
white light
sources.
Torch was probably the first lighting source and fixture as
well around
400000 years BC.
simple lamps made of shell and fat around 13000 BC.
pottery lamps (with refined design) around 600 BC.
Candle appeared around 400 AD and was the first light
source that
could be used either in interior or exterior with or without
a
transparent protective case.
Around 1800 the carbon arc lamps were introduced
gas lamps in 1814.
incandescent lamp has appeared during 1879 by Thomas
Edison with
luminous efficacy ~1.4 lm/W.

Illumination history contd...

In recent years LED use have become widespread. There
are two
possible approaches to produce white light. The first is to
use a blue
The second method of producing white light is to use
LED coated with a white phosphor (1996).
additive mixing of
the three primary colours red, green and blue.

Light basics..
Light
Electromagnetic radiation that the unaided
human eye can perceive, having a wavelength in
the range from about 370 to 800 nanometres
(nm) and propagating at the speed of 299,792.5
km/sec.
Light is just one portion of the various
electromagnetic waves flying through space. These
waves have both a frequency and a length, the
values of which distinguish light from other
forms of energy on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Light basics..
Light is emitted from a body due to any of the
following phenomenon.
Incandescence: Solids and liquids emit visible
radiation when
they are heated to temperatures about 1000K.
The intensity
increases and the appearance become whiter as
the
temperature increases.
Electric Discharge: When an electric current
is passed
through a gas the atoms and molecules emit
radiation
whose spectrum is characteristic of the
elements present.

Light basics.. Contd.

Photoluminescence: Radiation at one wavelength
is absorbed,
usually by a solid, and re-emitted at a different
wavelength.
When the re-emitted radiation is visible the
phenomenon
may be termed either fluorescence or
phosphorescence.

Light basics..

Light basics..

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Light basics..

Figure 1.Illustration of the distribution of light from a light source following the inverse-square law
(Sanders & McCormick, figure 16-4, pp517)

Light basics..

Light basics..

Light basics..

Light basics..

Light basics..

Light basics..

Light basics..
Incidence
The striking of a ray of light or sound on a surface.
Reflection
The return of light, sound or radiant heat after striking a
surface.
Refraction
The process by which the direction of light changes as it
passes obliquely from one medium to another in which
its speed is different.

Light basics..

Light definitions..

Figure 1.Illustration of the distribution of light from a light source

following the inverse-square law (Sanders & McCormick, figure 16-4,
pp517)

Light definitions..
luminous
flux (F) is the flow rate of light energy
and the unit is lumen (lm)
luminous intensity(I) is the flow rate of light
energy per solid
angle. The unit is lm/solid- angle or 1 candela (cd).
(A solid angle is measured in steradians (sr) and
there are
4 sr in a sphere).
Lets consider a point source whose luminous
intensity is strong enough to distribute 1 lm /
solid-angle (i.e., 1cd). Because in one sphere,
there are 4 solid-angles, the total luminous flux
require to maintain 1cd luminous intensity will
be 4 lm.
Therefore, we say 1cd emits a total of 4 lm flux.
Thus the luminous flux emitted by an isotropic light
source of intensity I is given by:
Luminous flux (lm) = 4 luminous intensity (Cd)

Light definitions..
illuminance (E)- density of light shining onto a
surface.
lux (lx)- The SI unit of illuminance equal to one
lumen per square meter.
illuminance is measured as:
1 lm/m2 = 1 lux (lx) [SI unit]
1 lm/ft2 = 1 foot-candle (fc) [US unit]
Lumen- The quantity of luminous flux emitted
within a unit solid angle (one steradian) by a
point source with one candella intensity in all
directions.

Light
definitions..
The
difference
between the lux and the lumen is
that the lux takes into account the area over which
the luminous flux is spread.
1000 lumens, concentrated into an area of one
square meter, lights up that square meter with an
Illuminance of 1000 lux.
The same 1000 lumens, spread out over ten
square meters, produce a dimmer Illuminance of
only 100 lux.

Light definitions..
Luminance - The luminous intensity of a surface in
a given direction per unit area of that surface as
viewed from that direction; often incorrectly
referred to as "brightness.
Candela (cd)- The SI unit of luminous intensity
(formerly called the candle). One candela equals
one lumen per steradian - the luminous intensity,
in a give direction, of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation at a frequency of
540x10 hertz and of which the radiant intensity
in that direction is 1/683 watts per steradian.

Light Laws of illumination..

The Inverse Square Law

The inverse square law defines the relationship
between the illuminance from a point source and
distance.
It states that the intensity of light per unit area is
inversely
proportional to the square of the distance from the
source (essentially the radius).
Where E = Illuminance, I = Luminous intensity and d =
distance
An alternate form of this equation which is sometimes more
convenient is:
Distance is measured from the test point to the first
luminating surface - the filament of a clear bulb, or the
glass envelope of a frosted bulb.

Light definitions..

Light Laws of illumination..

Lamberts cosine law- the illumination produced on a surfa

by a point source is proportional to the cosine of the angle
incidence

Light Laws of illumination..

Lamberts cosine law- the illumination produced on a surfa

by a point source is proportional to the cosine of the angle
incidence

Measuring Lighting Quality

CRI is an internationally
accepted measure of how
well a light source renders
colors, compared to
incandescent and daylight
sources.
The CRI scale of 0 and 100,
with 100 representing perfect
color rendering based on
illumination by a 100-watt
incandescent light bulb.
Color appearance and CRI
values for energy-efficient
lighting technologies:
Incandescent bulbs:
2,700 K, 100 CRI
Cool white fluorescent
tube: 4,100 K, 62 to 80
CRI
Noon sunlight: 4,500 K
http://lumenistics.com/energy-efficient-lighting-basics/

ghting Type Summary

There are several lumen traps that you must know about. Six of the most
important lumen traps are
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Luminaries/ System efficiency

Scotopic visionis the vision of
Ballast and Driver efficiency
theeyeunder low light conditions or
Scotopic superiority
Night Vision
Lumen Maintenance
Uniformity of light distribution and light hotspots under traditional lights
Colour reproduction
Scotopic sensitivities peak about 50 nm lower
in the blue-green region of the spectrum at
507 nm, where the rods are most receptive.
The sensitivity of eye is known as thePhotopic
response and refers to colour vision and the
perception of fine detail.
Photopic sensitivities are at a maximum in green
light at about 555 nm which is the wavelength at
which the cones in our retina are most receptive.

In normal light (luminancelevel 1 to 106cd/m),

the vision of cone cells dominates and
isphotopic vision. There is goodvisual
acuity(VA) and color discrimination.
http://www.venturelighting.com/techcenter/LowLightLe

Lumen Maintenance
Lumen maintenance is another area that decision makers need to consider.
The human eye can adapt well to up to 30% reduction in light levels. When
light levels fall below the 30 % threshold reduction in light levels become
evident and vision is compromised. Thus, lights need to be designed based on
average lumens over the useful life of a light.
A comparison of the lumen maintenance
data of different types of lights is shown in
the graph above. A summary of the
abbreviations, common name, and life till
70% of peak light output levels is given
below.
PSMH Pulse Start metal halide 12000
hours
CMH Ceramic Metal Halide 16000 hours
HPS High Power Sodium 24000 hours
LED Light Emitting Diode 50000 hours
and more.
The figure demonstrates why
Luminance is important. Differences
in installation height, air quality, electricity
quality, reflectance of the surface mean
that most lamps are rated for their
Luminous flux or light output.

LED VERSUS TRADITIONAL LAMPS

Human eye responds better to shorter wavelengths of
510 and 550 nm. These are conspicuous by their absence
in HPS lights. Each LED photopic Lumen is equivalent to
2.4 Scotopic lumens (For a detailed analysis of the relationship between
photopic and scotopic Lumens please refer to ou r article on Pupil Lumens and The
complete guide to LED street lights part I) .

When it comes to Scotopic

equivalent lumens HPS lamps are no match for LED lights
An HPS lamp has a largerwith richer light spectrum.
profile, a single source of light
and a considerable amount of
light trapped in the reflector.
An LED light has a small profile,
several sources of light ensuring
better light distribution.
All the light is produced and
directed downwards. There are
no
problems
of
reflector
efficiency, aging of reflector
coating and consequent loss in
light output.

Several advantages of LED lighting systems are

immediately visible. LED lights have significantly less
glare, more uniform Light distribution, fewer shadows,
and improved visibility. The best part is that this
improvement is obtained with fewer lumens and 40 % or
http://www.myledlightingguide.com/Article.aspx?
more savings in electricity and maintenance costs.

The picture shows the

advantage of uniform
lumen distribution
achieved by LED outdoor
lights.
The upward directed light
in a traditional luminaries
is reflected straight down.
This causes a
hotspot to form right
below the luminaries
while areas further away
from the bulb have poor
light intensity.
These hotspots can be
clearly seen in the picture
of the bridge.
In this case, the
improvement in lighting
was accompanied with a
13 % savings in energy
consumption, long
maintenance free life

Light types of illumination

schemes..
Exercise-TYPES OF OUTDOOR LIGHTS
Designing and Installing Outdoor Lighting http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/outdoo
r_lighting.html

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/64891791/LIGHTI
NG-DESIGN-BASICS

Light types of illumination schemes..

Light types of illumination

schemes..

Styles of Luminare
Down lights
Troffers
Commercial Florescent Fixtures
Industrial Luminaries
Linear Lighting Systems
Architectural Lighting Fixtures
Wall washers
Wall Grazing Fixtures
Accent Fixtures
Cove Lights
Task Lights
Decorative lighting Trochee,
Lantern, Chandeliers, Adjustable
Down lights, Ceiling drums, wall
scones, Pendants Lights, Vanity
Lights, etc

Types of Direct Lights

These include most surface-mounted fixtures on walls
and ceilings, often with a diffusing globe or lens to
reduce glare.
In general, these are very efficient sources of light,
but may also produce a lot of glare.
Common types include surface-mounted ceiling
fixtures, pendants, chandeliers, and sconces.
Pendant ceiling lights. Pendant
fixtures are often used to provide task
lighting above kitchen tables or eating
Surface-mounted ceiling lights.
counters and may also project light
Either incandescent or fluorescent
fixtures mounted directly on the ceiling sideways and upward to the ceiling.
are a very efficient source for ambient
lighting. Some, such as fluorescent
clouds, use rounded diffusers that cast
light on the ceiling as well as downward.
Chandeliers.
Sconces. Wall sconces provide soft
lighting in living and dining areas and
hallways. Most provide some direct
lighting as well as an indirect wash of
light upward onto walls and ceilings.

Accent Light
When lighting a picture or single object, use a directional spot lamp in a
shielded fixture.
These are often track-mounted or adjustable recessed fixtures, such as
eyeballs.

Recessed Lighting
Typically used with a
narrow spot to
provide bright
focused light on a
small area.
Slotted wall wash
trim is used to splash
diffused light on
broad areas of wall or
bookcases.
Nondirectional Alamps or compact
fluorescents work well
in this application.

lamps.
Bulbs only
last up to 1000
Light types
of lamps
hours. Recommended for infrequently used
rooms.
Halogen twice as energy efficient as
incandescent
globes. They are more
expensive to buy, and last up to
2000 hours. Ideal for highlighting features,
such as a
painting on a wall. Halogen lamps are low
voltage lights and
require a transformer, which uses more energy.
Because
halogen globes emit a beam of light, many
more fittings are
required in a room than for conventional
lighting.

Light types of lamps

Fluorescent lamps
Fluorescent lamps contain mercury vapour with
extremely
low pressure.
Electrodes are located on both ends of the
fluorescent
lamp.
The electrons hit mercury atoms on their path
through the
discharge tube.
Upon collision, the mercury atoms are shortly
excited.
The absorbed shock energy is immediately
released in the
form of invisible UV radiation.
While passing through the fluorescent layer on
the inner side

Light types of lamps

1. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) - fit into

Light
types of lamps contd
conventional
light sockets. They use around one fifth of the
power of incandescent globes to provide the
same amount of light. These are ideal for rooms
where lighting is required for long periods of
time, such as in the living room and kitchen.
Frequently switching fluorescent lights on and
off can reduce their life so they are not
recommended for pantries and toilets.
2. Tubular fluorescent lamps - also known as tube
lights, are
available as straight or circular tubes. Tube
lights are ideal
for kitchens, bathrooms, rumpus rooms,
garages and
workshops.

Light types of lamps contd

Light types of lamps contd

Light types of lamps contd

Light types of lamps contd

1. High intensity discharge lamps (HID)
The term high-intensity discharge applies to arcdischarge sources with a high power density. With
most HID lamps, the arc tube is enclosed in an
outer
glassused
bulb.for illumination in buildings belong
HID lamps
to three principal families:
1) mercury-vapour lamps
2) high-pressure sodium
lamps
3) low pressure sodium
lamps
4) metal-halide lamps

Light types of lamps contd

1) Mercury-vapour lamps
With mercury vapour lamps, light is produced by
an
electric discharge through mercury vapour,
resulting in
poor quality of a greenish hue.
2) High-pressure sodium lamps
- High-pressure sodium lamps are manufactured
with
tube-shaped ellipsoidal bulbs with wattage of
between 50 W
and 1000 W.
- High-pressure sodium lamps achieve a
extremely high
luminous efficacy up to 130 lm/W,

3) Low-pressure sodium lamps

- These lamps have high efficiency (up to 180
lm/W),
quite long life (up to 16000 hours) and
reduced running
costs.
- As their name implies sodium in the lamp
causes the light
to be a yellow color.
- LPS is commonly used for road lighting,
parking areas etc..
- A short warm-up period is needed for the lamp
to reach
full brightness.

4) Metal-halide lamps
- are a further development of high-pressure
mercuryvapour lamps.
- the luminous efficacy is about 95 lm/W.
- colour rendering is improved considerably.
- The lamps are available with an ellipsoidal
bulb with
wattages ranging from 250W to 1000W; their
wattage
increases to 3500 W when shaped like a tube.
- Single and double-ended lamps with a lower
wattage are
also available with wattages beginning from
35 W that are
particularly suitable for the energy-efficient
lighting of
offices, salesrooms and window-shops.

4) LED-technology for lighting

- Light emitting diodes (LED) are light sources
based on
electro luminescence and are very similar to
conventional
semiconductor diodes.
- enormous life time and a very high efficiency.
- The size of the active light emitting area is
typical smaller
than 1 mm and acts quasi as a point source.

Hence, energy savings can be realized with,

Replacing mercury vapor or incandescent
sources with
metal halide.
high pressure sodium results in reduced energy
costs and increased visibility.
Installing and maintaining photo-controls, time
clocks, and
energy management systems can also achieve
extraordinary
savings.

Light types of luminaries

A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting
of one or more lamps (light sources) together
with
optical and
mechanical components.
It is designed
to operate the lamps, that means
to position and protect the lamps and
to connect them to the power supply.

Light types of luminaries

The most important element in a light fitting,
apart from the lamp(s), is the reflector.
They impact on how much of the lamps light
reaches the area to be lit as well as the lighting
distribution pattern.
Reflectors are generally either diffuse (painted or
powder coated white finish) or specular (polished
or mirror-like).
The degree of reflectance of the reflector
material
and the reflectors shape directly influence
the effectiveness and
efficiency of the fitting.

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Light types of luminaries

Lightlumen method of calculation of no. of

lamps