AIRWAY

MANAGEMENT

Respiratory Anatomy &

Physiology

Function of the Respiratory

System
Removes carbon
dioxide from the
blood
Transfers oxygen to
the blood

ANATOMI

THE UPPER AIRWAY

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Epiglottis
Mandible
Frontal Sinus
Soft Palate
Trachea
Glottis
Esophagus
Vocal Cords

The Upper Airway

Other Structures

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Larynx

Functions

Functions of the Upper

Airway

Passageway for air

Warm
Filter
Humidify
Protection
Gag Reflex
Cough

Speech

The Lower Airway

A Primary Bronchi
B Hyoid Bone
C Right Lung
D Secondary Bronchi
E Tracheal Ligament
F Trachea
G Larynx
H Esophagus
I Left Lung
J Trachea

Alveoli
Gas Exchange

Lungs
Structure
Lobes
Pleura

Physiology of Respiration
Define Respiration
The exchange of gases between a living
organism and the environment

Define Ventilation
Mechanical Process that moves air in
and out of the lungs

Muscles of Breathing

Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm

Respiratory Cycle
Inspiration
Active phase
Lasts 1-2 seconds

Expiration
Passive phase
Lasts 5 seconds

Carbon Dioxide & The Respiratory

System
High CO2
Increases respiratory rate

Low CO2
Decreases respiratory rate

Hypoxic Drive
Chronic COPD patients

Normal Respiratory Rates

Adult
Children
Infants
Newborns

12
18
22
40

20
24
36
60

/
/
/
/

min
min
min
min

Factors Affecting
Respiratory Rate

Fever
Depressant Drugs
Anxiety
Insufficient Oxygen
Stimulant Drugs
Sleep

Respiratory Volumes

Lung Capacity
Tidal Volume
Dead Space
Alveolar Air

6000 mL of air
500 mL at rest
150 mL
350 mL

Minute Volume
Total air moved per minute
Rate X Volume = Minute volume
Important Assessment Item

Factors Affecting Minute

Volume

Head, neck, chest injury

Shock
Diabetes
CO2 / O2 rapid changes

Maintaining the A in ABC

Patient positioning
Suctioning
Supplemental Oxygen
Mechanical Assistance

Pulse Oximetry
Measures amount of oxygen in the
blood.
Gives percent of hemoglobin
saturated
Tool only, do not rely on totally
Why?

Normal Values
95% - 100% Normal
90% - 95% - Mild Normal for COPD
< 90 % Moderate High Flow Oxygen

TRIPLE MANUVER

PENILAIAN MALLAMPATI

EQUIPMENT

ONE-HANDED FACE MASK

TECHNIQUE

TWO-HANDED
TECHNIQUE

ORAL & NASAL AIRWAY

PEMASANGAN GUEDEL

PEMASANGAN NOPA

LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY

PEMASANGAN LMA

Combitube

TRACHEAL TUBE

LARYNGOSCOPE

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Intubation

Failure

Airway control can

be a challenge and it
requires solid
preparation, staying
focused, the right
tools and the right
decisions.

Death!
44

DIFFICULT AIRWAY

TERIMA

KASIH