Aim: How does the

embryo develop
after implantation?

Development Timeline
Day 1
Fertilization

Day 1 8
Zygote Blastula

(Implantation = Day 7)

Day 8 21
Blastula Gastrula

Day 22 90

(First Trimester)

Organs Form

Day 91 180

(Second Trimester)

Organs develop

Day 181 270

Organs fully functional

(Third Trimester)

DEVELOPMENT (REVIEW)

A= zygote
D= morula
E= blastula (after this, blastula will implant in uterus)
F= gastrula
G= cell differentiation
Arrows = cleavage (mitosis)

Differentiation
Cells begin to
specialize

Outer layer (ectoderm)

Nervous system and epidermis

Middle layer (mesoderm)

Muscles, skeleton, circulatory system,
excretory system, reproductive system

Inner layer (Endoderm)

Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts,
liver, and pancreas

Gestation
Gestation period: length of pregnancy
In humans is 280 days or 9 months
Divided into 3 trimesters

Embryo: up to 8 weeks
Fetus: after 8 weeks
1 long and looks human like

Protection for the Offspring

Uterus
A.k.a womb
Blastula attaches to uterine wall = pregnancy

Amnion
membrane around embryo filled with fluid
(works as shock absorber)

Nutrition for the Offspring

Mammary Glands
Produce milk

Umbilical cord: allows

developing embryo to obtain
nutrients and oxygen and to
release wastes
Placenta: organ rich in blood
vessels of mother and embryo
Attached to wall of uterus
Allows movement by diffusion and
active transport

Chicken Eggs
Large yolk: allows embryo to develop more fully
before hatching
Shell: protection
Chorion: lines the shell and aids in gas
exchange between embryo and environment
Allantois: exchange of gases and waste
Amnion: contains amniotic fluid for protection
from shock
Yolk sac: penetrated by blood vessels that
transport food to embryo

Risks to developing embryo

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Faults in genes
Nondisjunction
Bad diet
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drugs
Toxins
Infection

Weeks 4-8

???

11 weeks

14 weeks

16 weeks

18 weeks

24 weeks

Pregnancy

Birth

Uterus begins to contract

Amniotic sac breaks and fluid flows out
Cervix expands (dilates)
Head then body then feet pass through
Umbilical cord is tied and cut
Uterus continues to contract: this pushes
out placenta and other fetal membranes
(called afterbirth)

Birth

10. Twins

Fraternal twins: two eggs and two

sperm
Identical twins: one zygote that
separated in half early in cleavage

Infertility

The inability to conceive or carry a

child to term
Human reproductive technology:
Medically manipulate human ovulation,
fertilization and/or implantation

Artificial Insemination
Sperm are introduced artificially into
female
Or Eggs are fertilized in one womans
body and then transferred to another
woman
Or Eggs and sperm are both put into
fallopian tubes artificially at the same time

In Vitro Fertilization
Fertilization of egg and sperm outside a
womans body
Zygote is then placed into the womans body

Further Development
Infancy

Still developing

Toddler

Ability to walk

Child

Better motor skills

Teenager (Adolescent)

Puberty

Adult

Full maturity

Death

Irreversible end of brain

function

Practice Questions

The diagram represents stages in the

development of a chordate. Diagram 3
illustrates
1.
2.
3.
4.

the formation of a blastula

an early stage of gastrulation
the start of cleavage
a late stage of meiosis

 The normal developmental sequence of

the processes represented by the
diagrams is
1.
2.
3.
4.

4-1-2-3
1-4-3-2
4-1-3-2
3-2-1-4

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