Engineering Mathematics

SSCE 1993
Multiple Integral

Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals in Cartesian Coordinates

Iterated Integrals
Fubinis Theorem in Cartesian Coordinates
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Multiple Integrals

Triple Integrals in Cartesian Coordinates

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates
Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates
Moments and Centre of Mass

Introduction
The integration of multivariable functions are denoted as

Double integrals
of two variables
functions :

Triple integrals
of three variables

f ( x, y)dA , dA dxdy
R

f ( x, y, z )dV , dV dxdydz
G

functions :
4

Double Integrals
The graph of function of two variables f(x, y) is surface, plotted in
3 - D. The integral of f(x, y) over the region R is the volume between
the graph and the region R.
f ( x, y )

V f ( x, y )dA

V Volume

x1

x2

y1

y2

Double Integrals
If f ( x,y ) 1, then the numerical value of the volume is equal to
value of the area of the region R. Thus,
y
y2

A dA

A Area

y1
x1

x
x2

Iterated integral
If f ( x,y ) is continuous in a rectangular region
R ( x, y ) : a x b, c y d
then
d b

c a

f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x, y)dx dy
b d

a c

f ( x, y )dxdy

f ( x, y ) dy d x

Usually the bracket are not shown, and these are done
with the understanding that the inner integrations should
be performed first
We also deal with the inner integrations with variables limits
7

Iterated integral
Example

Evaluated the iterated integrals

2 1

(i)

2
(
3
x
2 xy)dydx
1 1
1 x

(ii)

30 ydydx
0 x2

Iterated integral
(i) Using the definition of iterated integrals, we obtain
2 1

2
2
2
(
3
x

2
xy
)
dydx

3
x
y

xy

1 1

y 1
y 1

dx

[3x 2 (1) x(1) 2 ] [3 x 2 ( 1) x(1) 2 ] dx

1

6 x dx 2 x
2

3 2
1

2(2) 3 2(1) 3

14

Iterated integral
(ii) Using the definition of iterated integrals, we obtain
1 x2

2
30
ydydx

15
y

0 x

yx
y x2

dx

(15 x 2 15 x 4 )dx
0

5 x 3 3x 5 0 5 3
2

10

Double integrals Fubinis

theorem

According to Gaudio Fubini (1879 - 1943), the double

integrals of any continuous function can be calculated
as an iterated integrals Fubini s theorem.

11

Fubinis theorem
Fubini s theorem on a rectangular region if
R ( x, y ) : a x b, c y d

y
d
R

c
a

then
d b

b d

c a

a c

f ( x, y)dA f ( x, y)dxdy f ( x, y)dydx

R

12

Fubini s theorem on any region

Type I

Type II
y
x1 h1 ( y )

b y2

y2 g 2 ( x)

y1 g1 ( x)

c
x

f ( x, y )dA f ( x, y )dydx
a y1

x2 h2 ( y )

d x2

f ( x, y)dA f ( x, y)dxdy
R

c x1

13

Fubinis theorem
Example

Evaluate

f ( x, y)dA
R

(i)
(ii)

f ( x, y ) 4 x y; R ( x, y ) : y 2 x 2 y,0 y 2
f ( x, y ) y; R is the region bounded x 0, x ,
y 0 and y sin x

(iii) f ( x, y ) xy 2 ; R is the closed triangular region with the

vertices (0,0), (3,1) and (-2,1)

14

Fubinis theorem
(i) The region R is illustrated as

y2
x y2

x 2y
x

y0
15

Fubinis theorem
(4 x y)dA

y 2 x 2 y

y 0 x y 2

2
(
4
x

y
)
dxdy

2
x

xy

x 2 y
x y2

dy

{[ 2(2 y ) 2 2 y 2 ] [ 2( y 2 ) 2 y 3 ]}dy
0

(6 y 2 y 3 2 y 4 )dy
0

y 4 2 y5
3
2y

4
5

36
5

16

Fubinis theorem
(ii) The region R is illustrated as

y dA
R

x y sin x

x 0

0
2

y dydx

y 0

sin x

dx
0

y
y sin x

sin 2 x

dx
2
0

(1 cos 2 x) dx
40

1
sin 2 x
x

4
2

x0

y0

17

Fubinis theorem
(iii) The region R is illustrated as

y
y 1

1
R

x 2 y
y0

2
xy
dA
R

x 3y

y 1 x 3 y

3
x y

2
xy
dxdy

y 0 x 2 y

x 3 y

dy
x 2 y

y5
y
5y
2
2
(9 y 4 y )dy
dy

2
2
2

0
2

1
2
18

Fubinis theorem
Example

Find the volume of the solid bounded by

x 2 y 2 9 , y z 4 and z 0.

The solid is described as

z 4 y

x2 y2 9
R

z0

19

Fubinis theorem
The base of the solid is the region R :

y 9 x2

R
3

x 3

x3

y 9 x2
20

Fubinis theorem
Thus, the volume V is given by
Solution

V (4 y )dA
R

y
4y
2
3
3

2
x 3 y 9 x

(4 y)dydx

x 3 y 9 x 2

y 9 x 2

dx
y 9 x 2

8 9 x 2 dx
3

21

Fubinis theorem
,

Now let x 3 sin t , dx 3 cos tdt . Hence

3

V 8 9 x 2 dx 8
3

72

/2

9(1 sin 2 t ) (3 cos tdt )

/ 2

/2

/2

/ 2

/2

2
cos
tdt 36

sin 2t
36
t
2

(cos 2t 1)dt

/2
/ 2

sin sin( )
36

36
2
2
2
2

22

Fubinis theorem
Example

Evaluate

2 1

sin y
(i)
dydx
y
0 x

(ii)

0 y 2

y
(i) The region R

x
e
dxdy

y
R

yx

is illustrated as

x
x0

23

Fubinis theorem
sin y
cannot be integrated. However,
y
we can reverse the order of integration dydx to dxdy. Then the
region become
But the inner integral

y
y
x0
y0

x y

x
24

Fubinis theorem
x y

Solution

sin y
(i)
dydx
y
x 0 y x

y x y

sin y
y 0 x0 y dxdy

sin y x y
y 0 y x x0 dy

sin y
y 0 y ( y 0)dy

sin ydy cos y 0

cos 1 2
25

Fubinis theorem
(ii) The region R is illustrated as

Solution

y
y2
x
y0

y
2

x 1
R

x
26

Fubinis theorem
But the inner integral e dx cannot be integrated. However,
x2

we can reverse the order of integration dxdy to dydx. Then the

region become

y 2 x 1

dxdy

y 0 x y / 2

x 1

dydx

x 1

x
e
y y 0 dx
y 2 x

x 0

x0

x2

x 0 y 0

y 2x
y0

x 1 y 2 x

x 1

2 xe

x2

dx

x 0
u 1

e du e
u

u 1
0

e 1

u 0

27

Review Polar coordinates

Polar coordinates
0r

0 2

P(r , )

x r cos

y r sin
r x y
2

tan 1

28

Review Polar coordinates

z

Cylindrical polar coordinates

0r
0 2

P(r , , z )

x r cos

y r sin
zz

r x2 y2
y
tan
x
zz
1

x
29

Review Polar coordinates

Spherical polar coordinates
0

0 2

x y z
2

P( , , )

z
cos

1

x
x sin cos

tan 1

y sin sin
z cos

30

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
When involving circular shape, it is easier to evaluate in
the polar coordinates
Suppose that we can convert a function z ( x,y ) to
z f (r, ) then we may evaluate the integral of f (r, )
in the polar coordinates

31

z = f (r,)
V
dV

z = f (r,)

dA
dV f (r , )dA
V f (r , )dA
R

32

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
y

dr
dA
rd

r
d

dA (dr ) (rd ) rdrd

33

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
Example

(i)

4 x 2

Evaluate the following integrals by changing

to polar coordinates

2
2
cos(
x

y
)dydx

1 y

y2
(ii) ( 2
) dxdy
2
x

y
0 0

34

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
Solution

(i) The region of integration R is described as

y
y 4 x2
2

0
x0

y0

2
x2

35

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
Therefore
2

4 x

/2

2
2
cos(
x

y
)dydx

/2 2

r2

2
(cos
r
) rdrd

0 0

/2 4

1
2

(cos u )dud

r 0

0 0

/2
1
2
0

sin u

4
0

/2
1
2
0

sin 4d

sin 4
4

36

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
(ii) The region of integration R is described as
Solution

y 1
x0

x y

y0

37

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
y

Therefore
1 y

r sec

y2
0 0 x 2 y 2 dxdy
/ 2 sec
(r cos ) 2
rdrd

2
r

/4 0

/ 2 sec

/4

/2

/2

r2
2
0 r cos drd / 4 2

/2

/4

r sec

cos 2 d
r 0

/2

sec 2
1
1

cos 2 d d
2
2 /4
2 2 4
8
/4

38

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
Example

Use the polar coordinates to solve Example 4.

The solid and its base is described as

y
r 3

R
3

R
39

Double integrals in polar

coordinates
Solution

Thus, the volume V is given by

V (4 y )dA (4 r cos )dA
R

2 r 3

2 3

0 r 0

0 0

r3
2
2r cos
3

0
2

(4 r cos )rdrd

2
(
4
r

r
cos )drd

r 3

d
r 0

(18 9 cos )d 18 9 sin 0 36

0

40

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates is an integration of a function
of three variables f ( x,y,z ) on a 3 - D closed region G

dV dzdydx dzdA
41

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
z

z z 2 ( x, y )

G
y

z z1 ( x, y )

z2 ( x , y )

z1 ( x , y )

f ( x, y, z )dV f ( x, y, z )dz dA
G

42

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
If G is the region in the first octant bounded by
Example

(i)

y x 2 , z y 1, xy - plane and yz - plane, evaluate

f ( x, y, z ) dV

where f ( x, y, z ) 6 z

(ii)The volume of the region G

43

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
The region G and its projection R on the xy - plane is as shown below

44

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
Solution

(i) In this case we have f ( x,y,z ) 6z, z1 ( x,y ) 0 and z 2 ( x,y ) 1 y.

The projection of G on the xy - plane is a region R bounded
by x 0 , x 1, y x 2 and y 1. Thus we obtain

z 1 y

z 0

f ( x, y, z )dV 6 zdV 6 zdz dA

G

3 z 2

z 1 y
z 0

dA

3(1 y ) 2 dA
R

45

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates

x 1 y 1

2
3
(
1

y
)
dydx

x 0 y x 2

x 1

(1 y)

3 y 1
y x2

dx

x 0
1

(1 x ) dx (1 3 x 2 3 x 4 x 6 )dx
2 3

3
x
x x3 x5
5
7

16
35

46

(ii)

Triple integrals Cartesian

coordinates
(ii)

Solution

z 1 y

z 0

V dV
G

dz dA (1 y)dA
R

x 1 y 1

(1 y)dydx

x 0 y x 2
x 1

y2
y
2
x 0

y 1

dx
yx2

1
x x
x
x
x 2 dx
2
2
2 3 10
0

4
15

47

Triple integrals Cylindrical

coordinates
z

r
x

dz

rd dA
dr

dV dzdA dz (rdrd )

48

Triple integrals Cylindrical

coordinates
.
Example

Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the solid

bounded by x 2 y 2 9, z 25 x 2 y 2 , and z 0.

The solid of the region G and its projection R on the xy - plane are
z 25 x 2 y 2

x2 y 2 9

z0

49

Triple integrals Cylindrical

coordinates
Using relation x 2 y 2 r 2 , we obtain
Solution

z 2 25-r 2 . We also have z 1 0. Thus,

V dV

z 25 r 2

2 r 3

0 r 0
2

dz
dA

25

r
dA
z 0
R

25 r 2 rdrd

2 9

1
1/ 2
(
25

u
)
dud
0 0 2

2
(25 u )3 / 2
61
122

d

3
3
3
0
0
0

50

Triple integrals Cylindrical

coordinates
Example
.

Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of the solid bounded

by the paraboloid z x 2 y 2 and the plane z 9

The solid of the region G and its projection R on the xy - plane are
y

z 9

zx y
2

R
3
x

R
3

y
3

51

Triple integrals Cylindrical

coordinates
Thus the required volume is
Solution

V dV
G

z 9

2
dz
dA

(
9

r
)dA

z r 2
R

2 r 3

2
(
9

r
)rdrd

0 r 0

2 3

9r 2 r 4
3
(9r r )drd
d
2
4 0
0 0
0

81
81
d

0 4
2

52

Triple integrals Spherical

coordinates
z
sin
d
d

sin d
d
y d

53

Triple integrals Spherical

coordinates
sin d
d

d
dV (d )( d )( sin d )
2 sin ddd

54

Triple integrals Spherical

coordinates
.

Example

Find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone

and inside the sphere 3

The solid of the region G as illustrated below

55

Triple integrals Spherical

coordinates
Solution

Thus the required volume is

V dV

sin ddd

0 0 0

0 0 3 sin dd
0

9 sin dd
0 0

9 cos 0 d 9( cos 3 1)d

9
0 2 d 9

56