MARBLE

TYPE OF ROCK
Metamorphic
Marble is ametamorphic rockthat forms whenLimestone is subjected to the
heat and pressure of metamorphism.
NATURE
Non Foliated
Non foliatedmetamorphic rocks are formed around igneous intrusions where
the temperatures are high but the pressures are relatively low and equal in all
directions (confining pressure). The original minerals within the rock recrystallize into larger sizes and the atoms become more tightly packed
together, increasing the density of the rock

MARBLE CONTD
Marbleis a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the
metamorphism oflimestoneordolomite stone. It is composed
primarily of calcium carbonate. The specimen shown above is about
two inches (five centimeters) across.
Mineral composition
Marbleis a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is
subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. It is composed
primarily of themineralcalcite (CaCO3) and usually contains
otherminerals, such as clayminerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron
oxides, and graphite

physical properties of those mineral compounds.

Color
Crystal habit
Crystal symmetry
Twinning
Cleavage
Fracture
Tenacity
Mohs scale
hardness
Luster
Streak
Diaphaneity
Specific gravity

Colorless or white, also gray,

yellow, green,
Crystalline, granular, stalactitic,
concretionary, massive,
rhombohedral.
Trigonal32/m
Common by four twin laws
Perfect on [1011] three directions
with angle of 74 55'[1]
Conchoidal
Brittle
3 (defining mineral)
Vitreous to pearly on cleavage
surfaces
White
Transparent to translucent
2.71

Chemical properties of mineral compounds

Chemical composition
Lime (CaO)

28-32%

Silica (SiO2)

3-30% (varies with variety)

MgO

20 to 25%

FeO + Fe2O3

1-3%

Loss On Ignition
(LOI)

20-45%

The following are the major chemical impurities in marble:

SiO2
Fe2O3
2Fe2O3
3H2O
Limonite
Manganese
Al2O3
FeS2(pyrite)

SUITABILITY REQUIREMENTS.
MARBLE AS A CONCRETE MATERIAL.
Water Absorption
Water Absorption test helps in determining the rate of absorption of
water by cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a
specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when
only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. Crumbling
This condition is due to a certain brittleness or tendency of the
stone to break up or dissolve. It may be caused by an inherent
weakness in the stone or gradual breakdown of the binder or
crystalline structure, or it may be the result of external factors
affecting the strength and durability
Efflorescence:
The appearance of a whitish deposit locally or uniformly over the
surface may be efflorescence, the surface deposition of soluble
salts.
Flaking:
This is an early stage of peeling, exfoliation, delamination or
spalling evidenced by the detachment of small flat thin pieces of
the outer layers of stone from a larger piece of stone. Flaking is
usually caused by capillary moisture or freeze-thaw cycles which
occur within the masonry.

MARBLE AS A Road construction material

Durability:
A good building stone must be durable enough to resist the effect of
weathering agencies e.g. rain, wind, temperature etc. It should have
fine grained, compact and crystalline structure.
Hardness:
The stone used in floors, pavements and aprons of bridges, should be
able to resist the abrasive forces caused due to wear and friction. For
good stone wear should be equal or less than 3%. It terms of co
efficient of hardness, it should be more than 14.
Workability:
The stone to be used should be easy to cut and dress into different
sizes and shapes.
Toughness:
Building stones should be tough enough to withstand stresses
developed due to vibrations of machinery and moving loads over
them. The stones used in the construction of roads should be hard as
well as tough.
Strength:
A good building stone should have sufficient crushing strength to

chemical properties that affect the durability of concrete.

Depth of Carbonation

Enough carbonation gives concrete the immediate positive effects of

increased; compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, surface hardness,
resistance to frost, sulphate attack, internal stresses and the ultimate
reduction of the structure's capacity.
Chloride Ponding
This helps in determining the depth to which chloride ions can ingress into
concrete over a period of time in standard conditions. It can be used to assess
a concrete for its resistance to chloride attack and thus protection of the
reinforcement from corrosion
Drying Shrinkage/ wetting Expansion
A common saying is that there are two guarantees with concrete. One, it will
get hard and two, it will not crack. Cracking is a frequent cause of complaints
in the concrete industry. Cracking can be the result of one or a combination of
factors such as drying shrinkage, thermal contraction, restraint (external or
internal) to shortening, sub grade settlement, and applied loads..
Porosity
Concrete durability is related to porosity, which determines the intensity of
interactions of the material with aggressive agents. The pores and capillaries
inside the structure facilitate the destructive processes that generally begin in
the surface. Generally, concrete of a low porosity will afford better protection
to reinforcement within it than concrete of high porosity.

GRAVEL/pebble

NATURE:
Pebble is a small rounded block of stone that has usually been
smoothed and shaped by water flowing action.
TYPE OF ROCK.
Sedimentary
Mineral composition
Belong to the quartz family. But not all stones are composed of only
one or two minerals. In that case, a rock or pebble stone will belong to
more than one mineral groups.
For example, a quartz pebble and a jadeite pebble belong to the
chemical group of Silicates. A malachite or dolomite pebble are
members of the Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates group. So this is
another kind of possible categorization.

Chemical Composition

Physical properties of those mineral compounds

Hardness (mohs) :

7 to 8

Apparent density :

1.60

Porosity :

0.38%

Appearance :

round

Chemical constituents of mineral compounds

SiO2:
95.0% to 98.0%
Al2O3:
3.0% to 5.0%
Fe2O3:
Max Less than 0.5%
K2O + Na2O :
Max 1.5%
CaO + MgO :
Max 1%
L.O.I. :
Max 1%

Suitability requirements
Gravel as an aggregate for concrete.
Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed and
hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy.
Consequently, selection ofaggregates is an important process.
Although some variation in aggregate properties is expected,
characteristics that are considered include:
Grading
Durability
Particle Shape And Surface Texture
Abrasion And Skid Resistance
Unit Weights And Voids
Absorption And Surface Moisture

Gravel as a Road construction material

The following are the requirements of a good road
construction stone.
(i)Strength:The stone should be able to resist the load coming
on it. Ordinarily this is not of primary concern since all stones
are having good strength. However in case of highways, it may
be necessary to check the strength.
(ii)Durability:Stones selected should be capable of resisting
adverse effects of natural forces like wind, rain and heat.
(iii)Hardness:The stone used in pavements should be able to
resist abrasive forces caused by movement of men and
materials over them.
(iv)Toughness:Building stones should be tough enough to
sustain stresses developed due to vibrations. The vibrations may
be due to the machinery mounted over them or due to the loads
moving
over them. The stone aggregates used in the road constructions
should be tough.
(v)Specific Gravity:Heavier variety of stones should be used
for the construction of dams, retaining walls, docks and dams.
The specific gravity of good building stone is between 2.4 and
2.8.
(vi)Porosity and Absorption:The rock should not be porous.
If it is porous rain water enters into the pore and reacts with