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Kanser Serviks:
Insiden Mengikut Umur
Bil.
CR
ASR
Melayu
454
32.8
7.8
10.5
China
782
56.4
31.1
28.8
India
150
10.8
17
22.4
Months
80%
Normal HPV infection
epithelium
CIN I
CIN 2
Pre-cancerous
lesions
Time
Disease
Progression
Years
Months
Normal
HPV infection;
epithelium koilocytosis
CIN I
Low-grade squamous
intraepithelial lesions (LSILs)
CIN II
CIN III
High-grade squamous
intraepithelial lesions (HSILs)
Invasive
Carcinoma
Peringkat Perubahan
kepada Kanser
About 60% regress
within 23 years
About 15% progress
within 34 years
3070% progress
within 10 years
Normal Cervix
HPV Infection
HPV-Related
Changes
Low-Grade SIL
(CIN I)
High-Grade SIL (CIN
II, III/CIS)
Invasive Cancer
Cofactors
High-Risk HPV
(Types 16, 18, etc.)
Patogenesis: Peringkat
Pra-kanser
Manifestasi Klinikal
Pra-kanser: tiada tanda gejala
Kanser serviks:
Lelehan yang berbau dari vagina
Pendarahan luar biasa dari vagina
kesakitan semasa persetubuhan
Patogenesis: Etiologi
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Ada lebih dari 100 jenis HPV
HPV jenis 16 &18 70% dari semua
kanser serviks
HPV jenis 45 & 31 penyebab 9%
Faktor risiko
>3 sexual partners
early sexual intercourse < 17 years
10 years use of oral contraceptive
first delivery before age of 17
high parity (7 full term
pregnancies)
Smoking
lower socioeconomic status
Kanser serviks
Faktor-faktor Risiko
Hubungan seksual
Memulakan hubungan seksual pada umur yang
muda
Berbilang pasangan seksual
Kekerapan melakukan hubungan seksual
Pasangan seksual lelaki yang mengamalkan seks
rambang
Pariti
Cervical Cancer
Faktor-faktor risiko
Penyakit Kelamin (Sexually transmitted
diseases)
Male circumcision
Faktor bangsa
Status sosioekonomi
Merokok
Kaedah kontraseptif
Faktor Imunologi
Kanser
Serviks
Gejala
Tiada tanda-tanda pada peringkat Pra Kanser
dan Awal Kanser
Pendarahan vagina yang tidak normal berlaku
Kanser Serviks
Tanda-tanda
Ulser
Nodul
Friable cauliflower growth
Pendarahan ketika disentuh (Contact
bleeding)
Pyometra
Kanser Serviks
Prognosis bergantung kepada:
Peringkat (stage):
Stage I (A/B)
Stage II (A/B)
Stage III(A/B)
Stage IV(A/B)
Differentiation
Kanser Serviks
Rawatan
Stage I dan II A.
Wertheims hysterectomy
FIGO Stage
5-Year Survival
Stage I
81-96%
Stage II
65-87%
Stage III
35-50%
Stage IVA
15-20%
Virus
Terdapat lebih daripada
56
WHO has recognized HPV 16 and HPV 18 as carcinogenic agents for humans.
HPV 6 and 11 types are most often associated with external anogenital warts.
HPV-RELATED DISEASES.
34
sembuh sendiri
47
CIN Progression
Regress Persist Progress Invasion
CIN I
57%
32%
11%
1%
CIN II
43%
35%
22%
5%
CIN III
32%
<56%
>12%
Normal
Vaccines
Screening
Persistence
Vaccines
Pre-cancerous
lesions
Invasive
cancer
tahun
setiap 3 tahun
available.
Screening is base on opportunity. Coverage 26-30%.
Recommendation Frequency of Screening
23
1. Sankaranarayanan R et al. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2005; 89 Suppl 2: S412; 2. National Cancer Institute.
Screening for cervical cancer. 2005.
26
Liputan
VAKSIN HPV
Vaksin HPV boleh mencegah jangkitan HPV yang
HPV
Neutralizing
antibody
Cervical canal
Cervical
epithelium
Blood vessel
Epithelial tear
Basement membrane
1. Schwarz TF, Vaccine 2009; 27:581587; 2. Stanley M. HPV Today 2007; 11:116; 3. Einstein M. Cancer
Immunol Immunother 2007; 57:443451; 4. Einstein MH, et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2009; 9:347356; 5. Schiller JT
and Lowy DR.
J Infect Dis 2009; 200:166171.
2 jenis vaksin
Quadrivalent
Vaccine
Vaccine against
HPV 16,18, 11 & 6
Gardasil
Bivalent
Vaccine
Vaccine against
HPV 16 & 18
Cervarix
92
GARDASIL
Quadrivalent vaccine
Expression system : Yeast
Adjuvant : Amorphous Aluminium
Hydroxyphosphate Sulphate (AAHS)
Completed and ongoing trial involving
>25,000 womens and girls age 9 26
year old.
Dose: 20ug anti HPV 6,18 and 40ug anti
HPV 11,16
Given 3 shots at 0, 2 and 6 months
Approved by FDA
CERVARIX
Bivalent vaccine
Expression system: Baculovirus
Adjuvant : Aluminium Hydroxide and
Monophosphoryl lipid A (ASO4)
Completed and ongoing trial involving
>27,000 women and girls age 11 25
year old
The Vaccine has not yet been tested in
males
Dose : 20ug anti HPV 16 & 18
Given at 0, 1 and 6 months
Gejala ini
Sekejap
Senang dirawat/dikendalikan
Tidak memberi kesan kepada
Headache
Fever, nausea, and dizziness;
Fatigue, myalgia
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Arthralgia
allergen exposure
Facial flushing, angioedema, urticaria, itchiness
Swelling of mouth and throat resulting in
difficulty in breathing
Stridor, hoarseness and wheezing
Abdominal cramps and diarrhoea
Profound hypotension with weak thready pulse
and arrhythmias