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TEXTBOOK REFERENCE CHS. 17 & 18
Notes Outline
The Atmosphere & Climate
Acid Deposition
Laws, Technology
Global Warming
Ozone Layer
The Atmosphere
layer of ozone
gas (O3) in
stratosphere
Filters 95%
UV rays
Wind Patterns
Climate
Climate
~10,000-25,000
core data
Trapped ice
~10,000 years BP
Air Pollution
Primary Pollutants:
1+ chemicals in
Particulate Pollution
CO, CO2
Sulfur oxides
SO2 , SO3
Nitrogen oxides
Methane, propane,
chlorofluorocarbons
Radioactive Substances
(radon-222, plutonium-239)
Photochemical oxidant
Formaldehyde, etc.
Toxic Compounds
(mostly carcinogens)
React
Photochemical Smog
AKA Brown Air Smog
Occurs because primary pollutants react with sun
EXAMPLE: ground level ozone formation
Emissions react with oxygen in atmosphere
A.
2NO + O2 = 2 NO2
B.
2NO2 + UV rays = NO + O
C.
O2 + O = O3 (ground level)
Industrial Smog
AKA gray smog
Formed from burning coal/oil
Mostly: SO2, H2SO4, soot/particulates
EXAMPLE:
A.
S + O2 = SO2
B.
2 SO2 + O2 = SO3
C.
D.
Thermal Inversions
Cool air trapped
Leads to
accumulation of
dangerous levels
of air pollution
near the ground.
Hello LA California!
Acid Deposition
Acid Deposition
Sulfur Dioxide & Nitric Acid
Source
Effects
1. Cigarette Smoke
cigarettes
2. Formaldehyde
furniture stuffing,
paneling, particle board,
foam insulation
3. Radon-222
radioactive soil/rock in
foundation of home;
water supply
lung cancer
susceptibility to pests/disease/drought
annually
Ozone in California
technology advancements
Technological Fixes
Technologies to
remove
particulates from
the exhaust of
electric power &
industrial plants
All produce
hazardous waste
that must be
disposed of
Legalese
The Clean Air Acts: (1970, 1977, & 1990): provide
EPA estimates
prevention
Failed to increase fuel efficiency
standards
No tough restrictions on
fine particulate matter
Municipal trash incinerators
have 30-year permits
Weak carbon dioxide
standards
Greenhouse Gases
The most abundant: water vapor & carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Gas
Source
Water Vapor
Evaporation of water
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs
radiation from
sun in
Reflected back
in longer
infrared waves
gets trapped
by the
greenhouse
gases
Climate
changes
Increase in
average
global temp.
Droughts
Increased
storms
Loss of
biodiversity
Rising sea
levels
oceanic temperatures
This will release CO2 back into the atmosphere
Ecological Implications
Ecosystem/habitat
shifting
Higher latitudes
Higher elevations
Potential loss in
biodiversity
temperature rose
about 0.6 C
(1F) in past 100
years
Increase is real,
not explained by
natural variation
in solar radiation
Warming greater
at poles than
equator, greater
at night, mostly
troposphere
Future Scenarios
General Circulation Models (GMCs) used
to predict future climate
Projected warming
of 1 to 3.5 C
between 1990 &
2100
Likely scenario:
doubling of CO2
(from 280 ppm to
560 ppm) before
2100 leading to
warming of 2 C
What instead?
Kyoto Effectiveness
Its a work in progress
In 2008: EU emissions dropped by 3%, 40% of this
upper stratosphere
Filters incoming UV rays from the sun
Life couldnt survive if full spectrum of UV rays
reached Earth
Ozone Depletion
CFCs emitted into atmosphere; theyre stable,
O3
O2 + O
Source
CFCs/HCFCs/HFCs
Halons
Fire extinguishers
Methyl bromide
Fumigants
Carbon Tetrachloride/Methyl
chloriform
Solvent/dry cleaning
Hydrogen chloride
US space shuttles
Scientific Evidence
In 1974, Rowland and Molina, chemists from UC
Seasonal Thinning
Ozone holes occur over poles-especially in the South
1984: 40-50% of the ozone over Antarctica was being
Consequences of Depletion
Humans
Reduction in phytoplankton
Decrease in NPP
Tissue damage
Economy
Technofixes
World-Wide Efforts
Continued depletion for several decades
11-20 year time lag between when CFCs are released into the
atmosphere and when they actually reach the stratosphere
Persistence for decades
about 2100assuming:
global warming
15,000
No protocol
12,000
1987
Montreal
Protocol
9,000
6,000
1992
Copenhagen
Protocol
3,000
1950
1975
2000
2025
Year
2050
2075
2100