Cell Cycle (Cell Division)

The student is expected to:

5A describe the stages of

the cell cycle, including
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
replication and mitosis, and the
importance of the cell cycle to
the
growth of organisms

Write these questions

and answer them.
Where are chromosomes found?
How many chromosomes or pairs of
chromosomes do we have in each of our
cells?
How do we make new human organisms?
How many chromosomes do sperm cells
have? How about egg cells?
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, how
many chromosomes are present? How
many cells are present?
How does the fertilized egg become a

Why do cells divide?

Increased volume increased demand

Volume exponential growth

Surface area doubles
Lack of surface area triggers cell division

Developing multicellular
Organism.

KEY CONCEPT
Cells divide during mitosis and
cytokinesis.

Cells divide at different rates.

The rate of cell division varies
with the need for those types of
cells.

Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

Rates of Cell Division

Rapid
Skin
Digestive tract
Bone marrow
Replace worn
out or broken
down cells

Rarely
Muscle
Nerve (slowest)
Stay in G0
phase

 Surface area must allow for

adequate exchange of materials.
Cell growth is coordinated
with division.
Cells that must be large
have unique shapes.

Cell Cycle has 3 main

functions

1. Growth

2. Replacement and
3. Repair

Cell Cycle
Interphase (preparation for cell division)
G1 Growth 1
S- Synthesis (DNA Replication)
G2 - Growth 2

Mitosis (Division of the nucleus)

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokenesis (Division of the cytoplasm)

STOP

Interphase
75% of cells life
spent here
Includes G1, S,
and G2
Nucleolus

Centrioles

Interphase
G1 Growth 1

Cell doubles in size

Some organelles (ribosomes &
mitochondria) double in number.

Cells that dont duplicate, stay

at this phase
Go

Interphase
S Synthesis (to make)

DNA Replication
DNA makes a copy of itself so
that each new cell has a
complete set.

Interphase
G2 Growth 2

Spindle fiber are assembled.

The rest of the needed organelles
are produced.

The cell is now ready to divide!!!

 Before we go into Mitosis, we

are going to talk about the S
sub-phase and exactly what
happens there!

DNA Replication

DNA Replication
So that identical copies of the
cells genes, can be passed on
to each new cell.
DNA Replication occurs during
the S sub-phase of Interphase.

Chromosome

When referring to individual sides,

they are called sister chromatids.

Centromerehold copies
together

Chromosome

Single Copy

Chromosome
Double Copies
Has gone through DNA
Replication so that
each cell gets a
complete set of 46.

 Which of these is ready to go

through cell division?

Chromosomes condense at
the start of mitosis.
DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that
condense it.

DNA double
helix

DNA and
histones

Chromatin

Supercoiled
DNA

Mitosis

Division of the nucleus (DNA)

Remember: During Interphase
the S sub-phase, we made a
copy of DNA and in Mitosis we
are separating those copies.

Review:
Interphase
Chromatin
DNA Replication has
occurred but chromosomes
are uncoiled

Mitosis
Prophase
1. Nuclear Envelope begins
to break down

4.Spindle Fibers
are put together

2.Chromosomes
coil up & condense

3.Centrioles migrate
to opposite poles

Mitosis
Metaphase
1.Chromosomes line up
at the equator
2.Centrioles
at opposite
poles

3. Spindle Fibers
attach to
chromosomes at
the kinetochore

Anaphase
Centromeres split
Chromatids pulled
apart
now called
chromosomes

Mitosis
Anaphase(cytokenesis begins here)
1.Plasma
membrane elongates

3.Sister
Chromatids
are now
chromosomes
of the new
cell forming

2.Spindle
Fibers pull
Sister
Chromatids
apart to
opposite
poles

Anaphase is Critical to chromosomal distribution

3rd Phase of Cell Cycle

Cytokenesis
Cytokenesis begins with Anaphase
and continues to finish with
Telophase.
Cytokenesis is the division of the
cytoplasm ( organelles and cytosol)
It is not an even distribution thus
the 2 daughter cells at the end are
not completely identical.

Mitosis
Telophase
1

Telophase is the
opposite of Prophase
1. Nuclear Envelope is reformed.
2. Chromosomes uncoil forming
Chromatin.
3. Only 1 centriole left the other
will be made in Interphase.
4. Spindle Fibers are dissolved.
5. Cleavage Furrow continues to
pinch until the cell is divided to
form 2 daughter cells with
identical DNA.

 Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.

In animal
cells, the
membrane
pinches
closed.
In plant cells,
a cell plate
forms.

Controlling Cell
Growth
Stop when touching
Can resume when space (injury)
Contact inhibition

Stop when cannot absorb

enough nutrients
Uncontrolled growth: cancer