Engineering Environment in Pakistan

Changing Role of Chemical / Mechanical

Engineers

Contributors to Engineering
Scenarios
Process
Industry

Govt. Legislation
+
Taxes

Issues
Of
Environment

Govt. Statistics

Availabilities of
Raw material and
Utilities

Regional
Opportunities

Business
&
Financing

Market
Imports / Exports

Human
Resource

Technical / Engg.
Universities

Manufacturing
Industries

Consumers Goods
& Formulations
Industry

Economic Indicators of the Country

S.No Indicators
.

2004-05

2005-06

Population (Million)

152.53

153.45

Per capita income (US $)

736.00

847.00

Exports (Billion US $)

14.39

8.07

Imports (Billion US $)

20.60

13.65

Trade balance (Billion US $)

-6.21

-5.58

GDP Growth Rate (%)

8.40

7.00

Industrial Sector (growth rate)

10.20

8.00

Manufacturing Sector (growth rate)

12.50

9.00

Continue
S.No. Indicators

2004-05 2005-06

Large scale manufacturing

15.60

9.00

10

Small scale manufacturing

6.00

Share in GDP
11

Industrial sector

24.50

25.10

12

Manufacturing sector

18.30

17.90

13

Agriculture sector

23.10

22.50

14

Service sector

52.40

52.10

15

Consumer price index (%)

9.28

8.43

Future Visual Domain of an Engineer

Major Issues in the West

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Design for Safety (Changing practices)

Sustainable Development
Environment
Ergonomics
Research and Development
Other challenges include

Resource recycling
Energy conservation
Energy storage
Alternative energy

1. Design for Safety

Acceptable risk
Residual risk
Risk assessment
Potential risk
Hazard

Inherent Safety Strategies

(& Intrinsic Safety)
Minimize.use smaller quantities of hazardous substances
( Minimize storage/inventory,pipe sizes,vessel sizes,buffer capacities.
It significantly reduced fire & explosion index, risk index, etc.)
Substitute. replace a material with less hazardous substance
Moderate .use less hazardous form/conditions for using substances
(liquid/solid/pellet/pastes)
Simplify.design processes & facilities to avoid unnecessary
complexity that are tolerant to human error.
Layer protection.equipment can fail and people can make
mistakes,
whatever training is undertaken. Build safety at
designing stage is
desired in layers.
Intensification of processes.high intensity mixers, spinning disks,
compact exchangers, micro reaction technology, structured
catalyst and better control.
The probability of accidents is to be reduced and ultimately eliminated
If an accident can happen it will !

2. Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is the development that meets the

needs of the present generation without comprising the
ability of future generation to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development is not a fixed state of harmony,

but a process of change in which the exploitation of
resources, direction of investment and the orientation of
technology are constituent with the present & future.

Some of the drivers for sustainable development are

Environmental issues
Socio-economic issues

Typical Examples for Sustainability

Use of high chimneys to avoid acidic flue gases.
CFC effects ozone layer replaced with HFC
MTBE replaced in gasoline instead of TEL.
Today the Technology has to deal with different system levels, e.g.

Sr.
No.

System

Major discipline involved

World biotic and abiotic

Ecology, politics, physics, Chemistry

Social infrastructure

Social science, politics, economy, law, ecology,

civil-engineering, city, architecture and landscape

Industrial complex

Civil Engineering, economics, law

Process / Unit operation

Chemical Engineering

Equipment

Chemical and Mechanical Engineering

Catalyst

Chemistry, Physics, Chemical Engineering

3-5 Environment Ergonomics and R & D

Similarly the issues of Environment, Ergonomic
Design & Development is the focus of Research and
Development.
The availability of new technology, measurement
techniques and customers demand is leading to
Research & Development to enhance suppliers
capability.

Customers
Demand

Suppliers
Capability

A typical Model for Sustainable Development with System

based tools for Environmental Managements is
ARTICULATION OF PEOPLES VALUES
Recognize
Problem

Technological
Options
Economic
Appraisal

Define &
Frame

SYNTHESIS

Scientific
Assessment
Implementation
Analysis

Formulate
Objectives

Risk
Assessment

Review

DECISION

Major Issues in Pakistan

Men, Money, Machines & Information
2. Manufacturing Processes
3. Innovations
4. Research and Development
1.

1(a). Human Resource (Men)

Proper Education & Training is desired.

1(b). Financial Resource

The

money supply in the country has been

irregular.
The financial institutions are not mature as
that in the region.
The Government procedure are too
cumbersome.

1(c). Machines & Information

2. Manufacturing Processes

3-4. Innovations and R & D

Research

on indigenous problems.
Solution oriented innovations.
New development based on research.
NECESSITY IS MOTHER OF INVENTION

Every Problem is an Opportunity

The Opportunity we are going to address in
this seminar is targeted to.

Design and Development in Chemical/

Mechanical Engineering

Some of the Design Organizations in Pakistan

DESCON
JGC
Haseeb Waqas Engineering Limited
Pakistan Steel Fabricated Co-operation
Limited, Karachi
HMC, Taxila
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex

Some of the Fabrication

Companies in Pakistan

DDFC
HI Tech
HMC
Machine Tool Karachi
Karachi Shipyard
Technique Engineering Services, Lahore
Petrosin
A. Karim & Sons (Pvt) Limited
Chenab Engineering
Crown Engineering
Material Craft
Matchless Engineering (PVT) Limited
Engineering Associates
SG Engineering Limited

Process Design Methods

Manual
Computer Aided

Changing Role of Design Engineer

1.

Product development is a cross-functional knowledge-intensive

work that has become increasingly important in the fast-paced
globally competitive environment.

2.

The traditional role of design engineers in product development

was limited to technical design decision. As product development
efforts use cross-functional teams and knowledge sharing, the
Design Engineers are required to do more and to know more.

3.

As a firm shifts towards integrated product development, the

functions (R & D, marketing, engineering and manufacturing
etc) operate in a collaborative manner. Barriers to
communication are removed, Knowledge is properly transferred
and complex problems are resolved in a timely manner.
(A diagrammatical relationship is shown on next slide)

Clarity of
Projects Targets
(Clarity)

Role Change of
Design Engineers
(RCDE)

Product Development
Productivity
(DEVPROD)

Shared Knowledge
about Customers
(SKCUST)

Role of Engineer in Equipment Fabrication

A Project Manager (A leader & Integrator)
A Specialist (Source of Knowledge)
An Inventor (Creativity & Innovation)

Major Human Skills Desired

Defining Skills
( Technical Domain )

Enabling Skills
(Social Domain )

Theoretical Understanding

Communication

Practical Application

Team-working

Technical Breadth

Business Skills

Creativity and Innovation

Average Importance of Skills

Engineers as Opportunity
Generators
Acquiring

Technology.
Innovation Chain.
Linking Research with Market.
Networking.
Strategic Alliances.

Some of factors that contribute to a

unique opportunity for Pakistan are:
Hardworking,

educated cheap human

resources.
Liberal financial policies for investment.
Software Design through establishment of
Design Centres/ Companies.
Fabrication of equipment at significantly
cheap rates.

Way Ahead

Equip the human resource with the desired technical

knowledge and skills
Provide opportunity of work in the country through local
and international collaboration.
Establish design and development capabilities in the
country (like design centers being established in India,
China and far east)
Development of pro-active approach in all domains with
proper legislation for effective quality assurance and safe
operating opportunities for continuous development.