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ORAL CANCER
Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Oral cancer
can develop in any part of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Most oral cancers begin in
the tongue and in the floor of the mouth. Almost all oral cancers begin in the flat
cells (squamous cells) that cover the surfaces of the mouth, tongue, and lips. These
cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. When oral cancer spreads
(metastasizes), it usually travels through the lymphatic system. Cancer cells that
enter the lymphatic system are carried along by lymph, a clear, watery fluid. The
cancer cells often appear first in nearby lymph nodes in the neck.
Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the neck, the lungs, and other parts of
the body. When this happens, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells as
the primary tumor. For example, if oral cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells
in the lungs are actually oral cancer cells. The disease is metastatic oral cancer, not
lung cancer. It is treated as oral cancer, not lung cancer.
Oral cancer happens when there is something wrong or unusual in the normal cell
lifecycle. This abnormal working of the cell lifecycle results in uncontrollable
growth and reproduction of these cells.
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Some of the risk factors of Oral Cancer

Tobacco use
Heavy alcohol use
Smoking
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection
High levels of sun or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure
Personal history of oral cancer
Betel quid and gutka use
Diets low in fruits and vegatables
Weakened immune system

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Common Symptoms and Signs that Oral Cancer may be present

Abnormal patches inside the mouth or on your lips


Sore on the lip or in the mouth that doesnt heal
Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
Loose teeth
Difficulty or pain when swallowing
Difficulty wearing dentures
A lump in your neck
An earache that doesnt go away
Numbness of lower lip and chin

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Stages of Oral Cancer


Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ) : This stage is considered as the pre-cancer
stage. In this stage, there are cancer cells that are inside the lining of the
mouth that have not yet spread. If this stage is left untreated then it can
develop into an invasive cancer.
Stage 1 : This is considered as the early stage of invasive cancer. Now the
cancer has started to develop through the mouth lining and also in the deep
tissues below. The cancer has not spread close to other organs, tissues or
lymph nodes and this cancer is not beyond 2 cm across.
Stage 2 : In the second stage, the tumor is more than 2cm but is less than
4cm. Other organs or lymph nodes are remains unaffected by this cancer.

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Stage 3 : One or more conditions are true in this stage- first; the tumor is of
any size that has spread to 1lymph nodes on the same side of the neck.
Second, the cancer is more than 4 cm that has not spread to any part of the
body or to any lymph nodes.
Stage 4 : This stage is known as the advanced stage of oral cancer that is
categorized into three stages
Stage 4A : This stage is marked by the growth of the cancer through
the tissues around the mouth and lips. At this stage, it is possible that
lymph nodes may or may not possess any cancer cells.
Stage 4B : This stage is marked by the spread of the cancer to any
lymph node which is bigger than 6 cm or to lymph nodes on both neck
sides, or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck.
Stage 4C : This stage is marked by the spread of the cancer to different
body parts that include bones or lungs.
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Diagnosis of Oral Cancer


A number of tests are performed for diagnosing mouth cancer that include
Biopsy : A small tissue sample is taken in biopsy that is further sent to a laboratory for
determining the type of cells and whether they are cancerous or non-cancerous.
Throat and Mouth Examination : A special instrument known as flexible
laryngoscope is used for viewing within the throat and mouth.
Certain other tests are also required for determining the spread of the cancer. These
tests are
A Barium Swallow and Meal Test : This test requires a patient to swallow a drink
having barium. An x-ray will present images of abnormal growths in the digestive
system down to the stomach.
X-rays : X-rays are done of the lower and upper jaw or a chest x-ray can also be done.
Endoscopy : This test helps in viewing the body from within. An endoscope (a narrow
and flexible tube having a telescopic camera) is used for performing this test.
Certain other biopsies of nearby lymph nodes are also done.
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Oral Cancer at World's Best Cancer Hospitals in India


Surgery
Surgery for mouth cancer may include:
Surgery to remove the tumor Your surgeon may cut away the tumor and a margin of
healthy tissue that surrounds it. Smaller cancers may be removed through minor
surgery. Larger tumors may require more-extensive procedures. For instance,
removing a larger tumor may involve removing a section of your jawbone or a
portion of your tongue.
Surgery to remove cancer that has spread to the neck If cancer cells have spread
to the lymph nodes in your neck, your surgeon may recommend a procedure to
remove cancerous lymph nodes and related tissue in the neck (neck dissection).
Surgery to reconstruct the mouth After an operation to remove your cancer, your
surgeon may recommend reconstructive surgery to restore the appearance of your
face or to help you regain the ability to talk and eat. Your surgeon may transplant
grafts of skin, muscle or bone from other parts of your body to reconstruct your face.
Dental implants may replace your natural teeth.
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Non-Surgery
Biological Therapy : The activity of the cancer cells is changed with the help of
biological therapy. A type of biological therapy is known as Cetuximab that is also
referred to as a monoclonal antibody. The surface of the cancer cells that triggers the
development of cancer cells is blocked with the help of Cetuximab.
Radiotherapy : Radiotherapy uses doses of radiation to kill cancerous cells. It may be
possible to remove the cancer using radiotherapy alone, but it is usually used after
surgery to prevent the cancer from re-occurring.
Internal radiotherapy : Internal radiotherapy is a type of radiotherapy often used
to treat cancers of the tongue that are in their early stages. It involves sticking
radioactive wires or needles directly into the tumour while you are under a general
anaesthetic (put to sleep). The wires or needles then release a dose of radiation
into the tumour.
Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is often used in combination with radiotherapy when
the cancer is widespread, or if it is thought there is a significant risk of the cancer
returning. Chemotherapy involves the use of powerful cancer-killing medicines.
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FAQ - Oral Cancer Treatment India


Who is more susceptible to oral cancer ?
Anybody consuming tobacco is susceptible to oral cancer. Differences in genetics
have not been identified in relation to risk and survival.
What is the treatment available ?
Treatment is surgery, and in advanced cases surgery followed by radiation
therapy is done.
How to find the Best Oral Cancer Treatment and Surgery in India?
As there are many top class surgeons in India, finding the best can be tricky. Send
us your medical report and we will choose from among the best surgeons most
suitable for your condition.
Why people Choose India for Oral Cancer Treatment and Surgery?
Oral cancer hospitals in India specialize in advanced that fight cancer while
supporting your quality of life, both during and after treatment.

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