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ORAL CANCER
Oral cancer is part of a group of cancers called head and neck cancers. Oral cancer
can develop in any part of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Most oral cancers begin in
the tongue and in the floor of the mouth. Almost all oral cancers begin in the flat
cells (squamous cells) that cover the surfaces of the mouth, tongue, and lips. These
cancers are called squamous cell carcinomas. When oral cancer spreads
(metastasizes), it usually travels through the lymphatic system. Cancer cells that
enter the lymphatic system are carried along by lymph, a clear, watery fluid. The
cancer cells often appear first in nearby lymph nodes in the neck.
Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the neck, the lungs, and other parts of
the body. When this happens, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells as
the primary tumor. For example, if oral cancer spreads to the lungs, the cancer cells
in the lungs are actually oral cancer cells. The disease is metastatic oral cancer, not
lung cancer. It is treated as oral cancer, not lung cancer.
Oral cancer happens when there is something wrong or unusual in the normal cell
lifecycle. This abnormal working of the cell lifecycle results in uncontrollable
growth and reproduction of these cells.
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Tobacco use
Heavy alcohol use
Smoking
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection
High levels of sun or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure
Personal history of oral cancer
Betel quid and gutka use
Diets low in fruits and vegatables
Weakened immune system
Stage 3 : One or more conditions are true in this stage- first; the tumor is of
any size that has spread to 1lymph nodes on the same side of the neck.
Second, the cancer is more than 4 cm that has not spread to any part of the
body or to any lymph nodes.
Stage 4 : This stage is known as the advanced stage of oral cancer that is
categorized into three stages
Stage 4A : This stage is marked by the growth of the cancer through
the tissues around the mouth and lips. At this stage, it is possible that
lymph nodes may or may not possess any cancer cells.
Stage 4B : This stage is marked by the spread of the cancer to any
lymph node which is bigger than 6 cm or to lymph nodes on both neck
sides, or to more than one lymph node on the same side of the neck.
Stage 4C : This stage is marked by the spread of the cancer to different
body parts that include bones or lungs.
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Non-Surgery
Biological Therapy : The activity of the cancer cells is changed with the help of
biological therapy. A type of biological therapy is known as Cetuximab that is also
referred to as a monoclonal antibody. The surface of the cancer cells that triggers the
development of cancer cells is blocked with the help of Cetuximab.
Radiotherapy : Radiotherapy uses doses of radiation to kill cancerous cells. It may be
possible to remove the cancer using radiotherapy alone, but it is usually used after
surgery to prevent the cancer from re-occurring.
Internal radiotherapy : Internal radiotherapy is a type of radiotherapy often used
to treat cancers of the tongue that are in their early stages. It involves sticking
radioactive wires or needles directly into the tumour while you are under a general
anaesthetic (put to sleep). The wires or needles then release a dose of radiation
into the tumour.
Chemotherapy : Chemotherapy is often used in combination with radiotherapy when
the cancer is widespread, or if it is thought there is a significant risk of the cancer
returning. Chemotherapy involves the use of powerful cancer-killing medicines.
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