Fact or Fiction: Are the

following statements
true or false?

1. A person can acquire HIV/ AIDS from using intravenous

syringe used by the infected person

A. True

2. Most sexually transmitted infections can be treated and

cured without medical attention.

A. False

3. If an HIV/AIDS woman gives a normal birth to a child,

her child may have a greater chance of being infected too.

A. True

4. A person always knows when he or she has a sexually

transmitted infection

A. False

5. People who get sexually transmitted infections usually

have a lot of sex
partners.

A. True

6. All types of sexually transmitted disease can be cured.

A. False

7. You can have no symptoms, yet be infected with a sexually

transmitted disease and be able to pass it on to someone else.

A. True

8. You can get several sexually transmitted diseases at one time.

A. True

What is STI?

Sexually-Transmitted Infection also known as sexuallytransmitted disease (STD)

a communicable disease that is spread by a pathogen

(disease-causing organism) from one person to another
person through sexual contact.

A person who has a sexual relationship with someone who

is infected can get one or more of these diseases.

STIs are transmitted through an exchange of bodily fluids

during sexual intercourse.

These infections are commonly caused by bacteria and

viruses.

Some STIs can be treated successfully but many STIs such

as HIV/AIDS still have no cure. The good news is, all STIs
can be prevented.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

Symptoms of STIs depend on the type of infections.

Common symptoms include discharge from the genitals,

warts, blisters or sores in the genital area, a rash, painful
urination, or flu- like symptoms.

Some STIs don't have any signs or symptoms.

In fact one of every 10 people can have STIs but be

asymptomatic. These people are carriers and are very
dangerous because they can transmit an infection without
even knowing it.

The only certain way to prevent/to keep from catching these diseases is by
abstinence. Sexual abstinence is the deliberate choice to refrain from all
sexual activity.

Avoiding High-Risk Behaviours and STDs

Avoid:
Being

sexually active with more than one person.

Engaging

in unprotected sex.

Engaging

in sexual activity with high-risk partners.

Using

alcohol and other drugs.

On a piece of paper. Answer the following.

1. What is a sexually transmitted infection?

2. What is abstinence, and why is abstinence the only

certain way to prevent STIs?

What are HIV and AIDS?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

is a fatal communicable disease with no effective

treatment or known cure.
It is the final stage of infection caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV A virus

When HIV enters the body it attacks the body's immune

system and destroys the white blood cells that fight
diseases.

Thus, the body becomes vulnerable to opportunistic

infections or diseases that develop when the body's
defence system becomes weak.

Facts about HIV/AIDS

AIDS has become one of the deadliest diseases in human history.

More

than 25 million people around the world have died.

Approximately

12 million of the people who have HIV/AIDS are

aged 15-24.
Everyday,

about 7,000 young people become infected.

HIV is fragile and cannot live outside the human body.

It cannot be spread through airborne transmission,

shaking hands or hugging or from insect bites.

Although virus has been found in sweat, tears, and saliva

of infected persons, the amount is too small to be
considered dangerous.

EARLY SYMPTOMS of HIV

Includes a rash, sore throat, fever, and tiredness.

Nearly everyone with HIV develops AIDS. People with AIDS

cannot fight off diseases that healthy people could easily
resist. Because AIDS has no cure, people with AIDS
eventually die from one of the diseases acquired.

How HIV is Acquired?

Transmitted among humans only when one persons

infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions comes into
contact with another persons broken skin or mucous
membranes.

Mucous Membranes can be found in the mouth, eyes,

nose, vagina, rectum, and the opening in the penis.

HIV is Spread in three ways:

During Sexual Intercourse (Includes oral, genitals or anal)

By sharing needles (Needles for tattoos, piercings,

syringes)

From mother to baby (Childbirth, Breastfeeding)

Acquiring HIV

Blood transfusion

Using syringe used by HIV infected person

Unprotected Sexual Intercourse

Blood to blood contact

Wound to wound

Infected mother giving birth to child

Quiz 3.
On a Piece of paper.
Ways of Acquiring HIV

Let us deal with how HIV AIDS can be transmitted from one person to
another. The following chart lists ways of acquiring HIV. If the manner is
false, put an X on the No Column meaning no deal, but if the manner is
an actual way of acquiring HIV put an X in the Yes Column meaning we
need to deal it.

Ways of Acquiring HIV

1. Sitting beside someone who has HIV
2. Handshake
3. Sharing the eating utensils with someone infected with
HIV.
4. Donating blood with Red Cross
5. Selling blood in blood banks
6. Someone who has HIV who coughs and sneezes near you

NO

YES

7. Hugging someone with HIV

8. Having unprotected intercourse with someone with HIV
9. Sharing contaminated syringes, needles or other sharp
instruments with someone infected by HIV
10. Receiving transfusion of blood infected with HIV
11. Mosquito bites
12. Tattooing using an infected needle
13. Swimming with an HIV infected person
14. Wearing clothes of an infected person
15. Ear and Body piercing with an infected needle

Answers:
1. X

8. /

2.X

9. /

3. X

10. /

4. /

11. /

5. /

12. /

6. X

13. X

7. X

14. X
15. /

Review:

Types of STDs

BE ABSTINENT

CLASSIFICATION OF STD AGENTS

A. BACTERIAL AGENTS.
B. VIRAL AGENTS.
C. PROTOZOAL AGENTS.
D. FUNGAL AGENTS.
E. ECTOPARASITES.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is the number one sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the

United States. Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium called Chlamydia
trachomatis, which can damage a woman's reproductive organs.

How Is It Spread?

Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, ororal intercourse.

Chlamydia can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal
childbirth.

Any sexually active person can be infected with chlamydia. The greater the number of
sex partners, the greater the risk of infection.

Because the cervix (opening to the uterus) of teenage girls and young women is not
fully matured, they are at particularly high risk for infection if sexually active.

Since chlamydia can be transmitted by oral or anal sex , men who have sex with
men are also at risk for chlamydial infection.

CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Normal Cervix

34

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: Claire E. Stevens, Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

Chlamydia Cervicitis

35

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: St. Louis STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

Mucopurulent Cervicitis

36

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

Symptoms of Chlamydia

Frequently asymptomatic (no symptoms)

Vaginal or penile discharge

Painful urination

Women may experience lower abdominal pain, pain

during intercourse, and irregular bleeding between
periods.

Men may experience swelling or pain in the testicles.

What Are The Effects?

If untreated, chlamydial infections can progress to serious

reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and
long-term consequences. Like the disease itself, the damage that
chlamydia causes is often "silent.

In women, untreated infection can spread into the uterus or

fallopian tubes and causePelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).

PID can cause permanent damage to the fallopian tubes, uterus,

and surrounding tissues. The damage can lead to chronic pelvic
pain, infertility, and potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy
(pregnancy outside the uterus). Women infected with chlamydia are
up to five times more likely to become infected withHIV, if exposed.

To help prevent the serious consequences of chlamydia, screening

at least annually for chlamydia is recommended for all sexually
active women age 25 years and younger.

Complications among men are rare. Infection sometimes spreads

to the epididymis (a tube that carries sperm from the testis)
causing pain, fever, and, rarely, sterility.

Prevention
How to Prevent Chlamydia?

The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted

infections is toabstain from sexual contactor to be in a long-term
mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been
tested and is known to be uninfected.

Latexmale condoms,

when used consistently and correctly,

can reduce the risk of transmission of chlamydia.

Prevention

Chlamydia screening is recommended annually for all sexually

active women 25 years of age and younger.Any genital symptoms
such as discharge, burning during urination, or unusual sore or
rash should be a signal to stop having sex and to consult a health care
provider immediately.

If a person has been treated for chlamydia (or any other STI), he or
she should notify all recent sex partners so they can see a health care
provider and be treated.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a very common sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacterium that can

grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive
tract including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb),
and fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women; and in the urethra (urine
canal) in both men and women. The bacterium can also grow in the
mouth, throat, eyes, and anus.

How Is It Spread?

Gonorrhea is spread through contact with the penis, vagina, mouth,

or anus.Ejaculation does not have to occurfor gonorrhea to be
transmitted or acquired. Gonorrhea can also be spread from
mother to baby during delivery.

People who have had gonorrhea and received treatment may get
infected again if they have sexual contact with a person infected with
gonorrhea.

Any sexually active person can be infected with gonorrhea.

Symptoms

Frequently asymptomatic (no symptoms)

Discharge from penis, vagina, or rectum

Burning or itching during urination

Sore throat

Effects of Gonorrhea

Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health

problems in both women and men.

In women, gonorrhea is a common cause ofPelvic

Inflammatory Disease (PID). Women with PID do not necessarily have
symptoms. PID can damage the fallopian tubes enough to cause
infertility. PAMF recommends yearly chlamydia testing of all sexually
active women age 25 or younger.

Gonorrhea can also causearthritis.

In men, gonorrhea can cause epididymitis, a painful condition of

the testicles that can lead to infertility if left untreated.

Gonorrhea can spread to the blood or joints. This condition can be

life threatening. In addition, people with gonorrhea can more easily
contractHIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV-infected people with
gonorrhea are more likely to transmit HIV to someone else.

Prevention

The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted

infections is toabstain from sexual intercourseor to be in a long-term
mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been
tested and is known to be uninfected.

Treatment

Several antibiotics can successfully cure gonorrhea in adolescents

and adults. However, drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea are
increasing in many areas of the world including the United States
and successful treatment of gonorrhea is becoming more difficult.

Because many people with gonorrhea also havechlamydia another

sexually transmitted infection antibiotics for both infections are
usually given together. Persons with gonorrhea should be tested for
other STIs.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the

bacterium Treponema pallidum. It has often been called "the great
imitator" because so many of the signs and symptoms are
indistinguishable from those of other diseases.

Primary Syphilis - Chancre

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

56

Sores

Secondary Syphilis Rash

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

57

Sores

Secondary Syphilis: Generalized

Body Rash

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: CDC/NCHSTP/Division of STD Prevention, STD Clinical Slides

58

Secondary Syphilis Rash

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

59

Secondary Syphilis

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Source: Diepgen TL, Yihune G et al. Dermatology Online Atlas

60

Congenital Syphilis

Congenital syphilis usually occurs

following vertical transmission of T.
pallidum from the infected mother
to the fetus in utero, but neonates
may also be infected during
passage through the infected birth
canal at delivery.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

61

How Is It Spread?

Syphilis is passed from person to person throughdirect contact with

a syphilis sore. Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina,
anus, or in the rectum.

Sores also can occur on the lips and in the mouth. Transmission of
the organism occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Pregnant women
with the disease can pass it to the babies they are carrying.

Syphiliscannotbe spread through contact with toilet seats,

doorknobs, swimming pools, hot tubs, bathtubs, shared clothing, or
eating utensils.

Symptoms
The disease develops in three stages.
Stage 1:One or more painless reddish-brown sores (called
chancres) on or near the genitals.
Stage 2:A skin rash develops anywhere on the body. Flu-like
symptoms such as mild fever, fatigue, and sore-throat
appear.
Stage 3:Late stage symptoms include brain damage, mental
illness, blindness, heart disease, and death.

Prevention

The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases,

including syphilis, is toabstain from sexual contactor to be in a long-term
mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is
known to be uninfected.

Transmission of a STI, including syphilis, cannot be prevented by washing the

genitals, urinating, and/ordouchingafter sex.

Treatment

Syphilis is easy to cure in its early stages.A single injection of

penicillin an antibiotic will cure a person who has had syphilis for
less than a year. Additional doses are needed to treat someone who
has had syphilis for longer than a year.

For people who are allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics are

available to treat syphilis. Treatment will kill the syphilis bacterium
and prevent further damage, but it will not repair damage already
done.

Parasitic

Trichomonas

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that

affects both women and men, although symptoms are more common
in women.

Trichomoniasis is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite,

Trichomonas vaginalis.The vagina is the most common site of
infection in women, and the urethra (urine canal) is the most
common site of infection in men.

The parasite is sexually transmitted through penis-to-vagina intercourse or

vulva-to-vulva (the genital area outside the vagina) contact with an infected
partner. Women can acquire the disease from infected men or women, but
men usually contract it only from infected women.

Symptoms

Vaginal discharge.

Vaginal odor.

Discomfort during intercourse.

Painful urination.

Complications

The genital inflammation caused by trichomoniasis can increase a

woman's susceptibility toHIV infectionif she is exposed to the virus.
Having trichomoniasis may increase the chance that an HIV-infected
woman passes HIV to her sex partner(s), inflammation of fallopian
tubes, and babies born prematurely or with low birth weight.

Prevention

The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases is to

abstainfrom sexual contact or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous
relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be
uninfected.

Viral

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the

herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). Most genital
herpes is caused by HSV-2. Most individuals have no or only minimal
signs or symptoms from HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection.

How Is It Spread?

HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be found in and released from the sores that the viruses
cause, but they also are released between outbreaks from skin that does not
appear to be broken or to have a sore.

Generally, a person can only get HSV-2 infection during sexual contact with
someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection, but you can get herpes from
kissing.Transmission can occur from an infected partner who does not
have a visible sore and may not know that he or she is infected.

HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but it more commonly causes infections of
the mouth and lips so-called "fever blisters." HSV-1 infection of the genitals
can be caused by oral-genital or genital-genital contact with a person who has
HSV-1 infection. Genital HSV-1 outbreaks recur less regularly than genital HSV2 outbreaks.

Symptoms

Symptoms show up one to 30 days after having sex and are as follows:

Small, painful blisters

Itching or burning before blisters appear

Blisters last one to three weeks

Blisters go away but you still have herpes blisters can come back.

Typically, another outbreak can appear weeks or months after

the first, but it almost always is less severe and shorter than the first
outbreak.

Treatment

There is no treatment that can cure herpes, but antiviral

medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of
time the person takes the medication.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) or Genital Warts

Genital HPV infection is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is caused

by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Human papillomavirus is the name of a
group of viruses that includes more than 100 different strains or types.

How Is It Spread?

The types of HPV that infect the genital area are spread primarily through
genital contact. Most HPV infections have no signs or symptoms; therefore,
most infected persons are unaware that they are infected, yet they can
transmit the virus to a sex partner.

Symptoms

Genital warts are soft and usually flesh colored. They can be flat or
raised.

They appear alone or in clusters. They are usually painless, but can
cause itching, pain, or bleeding.

They can appear on the vulva, vagina, anus, cervix, penis, or

scrotum.

They appear one to eight months after infection.

Other STDs or STIs

HIV/AIDS

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

Hepatitis B for Teens

Also, Pubic Lice

Ways to Prevent STD and STIs.

Viruses

Assignment