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Computer
Organization
( )
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
Distinguish between the three components of a computer
hardware.
List the functionality of each component.
MAINMEMORY
Table 5.1 Memory units
Memoryaddressesaredefinedusing
unsignedbinaryintegers.
Example 1
Acomputerhas32MB(megabytes)ofmemory.
Howmanybitsareneededtoaddressanysingle
byteinmemory?
Solution
Thememoryaddressspaceis32MB,or225(25x
220).Thismeansyouneed
log2225or25bits,toaddresseachbyte.
Example 2
Acomputerhas128MBofmemory.Eachword
inthiscomputeris8bytes.Howmanybitsare
neededtoaddressanysinglewordinmemory?
Solution
Thememoryaddressspaceis128MB,which
means227.However,eachwordis8(23)bytes,
whichmeansthatyouhave224words.This
meansyouneedlog2224or24bits,toaddress
eachword.
Memory Types
Set
Reset
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1 (continued)
Setting the output of a flip-flop to 1
Another way of constructing a flip-flop
Figure 5-4
Memory hierarchy
Figure 5-5
Cache
5.3
INPUT/OUTPUT
Figure 5-6
Physical layout of a magnetic disk
Figure 5-7
Surface organization of a disk
Figure 5-8
Mechanical configuration of a tape
Figure 5-9
Surface organization of a tape
Figure 5-10
Creation and use of CD-ROM
Table 5.2 CD-ROM speeds
Feature Capacity
--------------------------------- ------------
single-sided, single-layer 4.7 GB
single-sided, dual-layer 8.5 GB
double-sided, single-layer 9.4 GB
double-sided, dual-layer 17 GB
5.4
SUBSYSTEM
INTERCONNECTION
Figure 5-14
SCSI controller
(Small Computer System Interface)
Daisy
Chain
Figure 5-17
FireWire controller
(IEEE 1394)
Figure 5-18
USB controller
(Universal Serial Bus)
Figure 5-19
Isolated I/O addressing
Figure 5-20
Memory-mapped I/O addressing
5.5
PROGRAM
EXECUTION
Figure 5-21
Steps of a cycle
Figure 5-22