Exploring Wind Energy

What
Makes Wind

Exploring Wind - 1/23/17 - The

NEED Project
Global
Wind
Patterns

Exploring Wind - 1/23/17 - The

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History of Wind Energy
5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s
Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontal-axis Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry
the Nile indicate the developed in windmills in Europe John Burnham build conducted 5,000
power of wind Persia Halladay Windmill; wind experiments;
start US Wind starts Aermotor Company
Engine Company

1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979

Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpas First wind turbine
used windmill to pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW
generate electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII

1985 1993 2004 2013

CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power provided
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable-speed wind generation over 17% of renewable
wind turbine costs 3 to 4.5 cents per energy used in US
kWh

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Why Wind
Energy?
Clean, zero emissions
NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
Air quality, water quality
Climate change
Reduce fossil fuel dependence
Energy independence
Domestic energy
national security
Renewable
No fuel-price volatility

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Renewable Electric Capacity
Worldwide

US DOE, EERE 2013

Renewable Energy Data
Book
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 300

Geothermal
Waste
250
Wood
Solar Thermal
Solar Photovoltaic
200
Wind

150
Million kilowatt-hours

100

50

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013
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Top Wind Power Producing
States,
Rank State
2013
Thousand MWh Rank State Thousand MWh
1 Texas 35,937 14 Indiana 3,483
2 Iowa 15,571 15 Pennsylvania 3,339
3 California 13,230 16 South Dakota 2,688
4 Oklahoma 10,881 17 Idaho 2,545
5 Illinois 9,607 18 Michigan 2,524
6 Kansas 9,430 19 New Mexico 2,188
7 Minnesota 8,065 20 Nebraska 1,799
8 Oregon 7,452 21 Montana 1,661
9 Colorado 7,382 22 Wisconsin 1,562
10 Washington 7,008 23 West Virginia 1,391
11 North Dakota 5,530 24 Missouri 1,168
12 Wyoming 4,415 25 Ohio 1,137
13 New York 3,548
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Annual Installed U.S. Wind
Power Capacity

AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013
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Installed Wind Capacities |1999-
Present
1999 Total: 2,500 MW As of 6/30/2014 Total: 61,946 MW

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Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential
Potential Potential
Installed Installed
Rank State Rank State
Capacity Capacity
(MW) (MW)
1 Texas 1,901,530 11 New Mexico 492,083
2 Kansas 952,371 12 Minnesota 489,271
3 Montana 944,004 13 Colorado 387,220
4 Nebraska 917,999 14 Missouri 274,355
5 South Dakota 882,412 15 Illinois 249,882
6 North Dakota 770,196 16 Indiana 148,228
7 Iowa 570,714 17 Wisconsin 103,757
8 Wyoming 552,073 18 Michigan 59,042
9 Oklahoma 516,822 19 Ohio 54,920
10 Alaska 494,703 20 California 34,110
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U.S. Wind
Resource
Map

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Transmissi
on
Challenges

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China Leads the World in Wind
Capacity
Total Installed Generating Capacity
(MW)
Top
Top 55 Countries
Countries for
for 2013
2013
New
New Installed
Installed Capacity
Capacity
1.
1. China
China
2.
2. Germany
Germany
3.
3. United
United Kingdom
Kingdom
4.
4. India
India
5.
5. Canada
Canada

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Why Such Growth? costs are low!
Increased Turbine Size
R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements

1979 2000 2004 2011

40 4-6 3-4.5 Less than 5
cents/kWh cents/kWh cents/kWh cents/kWh

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Modern Wind Turbines
Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.

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Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantages Disadvantages

Omni-directional

accepts wind from any

Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer
direction Centrifugal force stresses blades
Components can be mounted at ground level Poor self-starting capabilities

ease of service Requires support at top of turbine rotor

lighter weight towers Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings

Overall poor performance and reliability
Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same
amount of wind

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Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)
Homes Village Power
Farms Hybrid Systems
Remote Applications Distributed Power
(e.g., water
pumping, Telecom
sites, ice making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Schools

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Large Wind
Turbines
Common Utility-Scale
Turbines
328 base to blade
Each blade is 112
200 tons total
Foundation 20 deep
Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
Supply about 500 homes

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Wind Turbine Compone
How a Wind Turbine Opera
Installation of
Wind Turbines

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Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers Blade
112 long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

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Wind Farms

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 Offshore Wind Farms

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Residential
Wind
Systems and
Net Metering

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Potential Impacts and Issues
Property Values
Noise
Visual Impact
Land Use
Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these

issues.

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Impacts of
Wind
Power:
Noise
Wildlife
Impacts

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For More Information
The NEED Project
www.need.org
info@need.org
1-800-875-5029
Energy Information
Administration
U.S. Department of
Energy
www.eia.gov

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