IntroductiontoSignalsand

Systems

Engr.FarazHumayun
 SignalsandSystemsDefined
Asignalisanyphysicalphenomenonwhich
conveysinformation
Systemsrespondtosignalsandproducenew
signals
Excitationsignalsareappliedatsystem
inputsandresponsesignalsareproducedat
systemoutputs

Engr.FarazHumayun
 ACommunicationSystemasa
SystemExample
Acommunicationsystemhasaninformation
signalplusnoisesignals
Thisisanexampleofasystemthatconsists
ofaninterconnectionofsmallersystems

Engr.FarazHumayun
SignalTypes

Engr.FarazHumayun
ConversionsBetweenSignalTypes

Sampling

Quantizing

Encoding

Engr.FarazHumayun
MessageEncodedinASCII

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 NoisyMessageEncodedinASCII

Progressively
noisier
signals

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BitRecoveryinaDigitalSignal
UsingFiltering

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ImageFilteringtoAidPerception
OriginalXRayImage FilteredXRayImage

Engr.FarazHumayun
 DiscreteTimeSystems
Inadiscretetimesystemeventsoccuratpointsintimebutnot
betweenthosepoints.Themostimportantexampleisadigital
computer.Significanteventsoccurattheendofeachclock
cycleandnothingofsignificance(tothecomputeruser)happens
betweenthosepointsintime.

Discretetimesystemscanbedescribedbydifference(not
differential)equations.Letadiscretetimesystemgeneratean
excitationsignaly[n]wherenisthenumberofdiscretetime
intervalsthathaveelapsedsincesomebeginningtimen=0.
Then,forexampleasimplediscretetimesystemmightbe
describedby
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2

Engr.FarazHumayun
 DiscreteTimeSystems
Theequation
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
saysinwords

Thesignalvalueatanytimenis1.97timesthesignalvalueatthe
previoustime[n1]minusthesignalvalueatthetimebeforethat
[n2].
Ifweknowthesignalvalueatanytwotimes,wecancomputeits
valueatallother(discrete)times.Thisisquitesimilartoa
secondorderdifferentialequationforwhichknowledgeoftwo
independentinitialconditionsallowsustofindthesolutionforall
timeandthesolutionmethodsareverysimilar.

Engr.FarazHumayun
 DiscreteTimeSystems
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
Wecouldsolvethisequationbyiterationusingacomputer.
yn = 1 ; yn1 = 0 ; InitialConditions
while 1,
yn2 = yn1 ; yn1 = yn ; yn = 1.97*yn1 - yn2 ;
end

Wecouldalsodescribethesystem
withablockdiagram.

(Dmeansdelayoneunitindiscrete
time.)

Engr.FarazHumayun
 DiscreteTimeSystems
y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
Withtheinitialconditionsy[1]=1andy[0]=0theresponse
is

Engr.FarazHumayun
 FeedbackSystems
Inafeedbacksystemtheresponseofthesystemisfedback
andcombinedwiththeexcitationissuchawayastooptimize
theresponseinsomedesiredsense.Examplesoffeedback
systemsare
1. Temperaturecontrolinahouseusingathermostat
2. Waterlevelcontrolinthetankofaflushtoilet.
3. Pouringaglassoflemonadetothetopoftheglasswithout
overflowing.
4. Arefrigeratoricemakerthatkeepsthebinfullofice
butdoesnotmakeextraice.
5. Drivingacar.

Feedbacksystemscanbecontinuoustimeordiscretetime
oramixtureofthetwo.
Engr.FarazHumayun
 FeedbackSystems
Belowisanexampleofadiscretetimefeedbacksystem.The
responsey[n]isfedbackthroughtwodelaysandgainsbandc
andcombinedwiththeexcitationx[n].Differentvaluesofa,
bandccancreatedramaticallydifferentresponsestothesame
excitation.

Engr.FarazHumayun
 FeedbackSystems
Responsestoanexcitationthatchangesfrom0to1atn=0.

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SoundRecordingSystem

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RecordedSoundasaSignalExample
signal

Engr.FarazHumayun