Computer Network by P.

It-arun Computer
Engineering Dept, RMUTT.
INTERNETWORKING
Chapter 2
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TOPIC
Internetworking Basics
Internetworking Model

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Computer Network by P.It-arun
The OSI Reference Model

Ethernet Networking

Wireless Networking

Data Encapsulation

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Computer Network by P.It-arun Computer
Engineering Dept, RMUTT.
INTERNETWORK BASIC
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POSSIBLE CAUSES OF LAN
TRAFFIC CONGESTION ARE
Too many hosts in a broadcast domain
Broadcast storms

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Computer Network by P.It-arun
Multicasting

Low bandwidth

Adding hubs for connectivity to the

network
A large amount of ARP or IPX traffic
(IPX is a Novell
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 Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT.
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NETWORK SEGMENTATION

Broadcast domain
Collision domain

Computer Network by P.It-arun
Computer Engineering Dept, RMUTT.
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TWO ADVANTAGES OF USING
ROUTERS IN YOUR NETWORK A
RE
They dont forward broadcasts by default.

They can filter the network based on layer 3

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(Network layer) information (i.e., IP address).

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FOUR ROUTER FUNCTIONS IN
YOUR NETWORK CAN BE LISTED AS
Packet switching
Packet filtering

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Internetwork communication

Path selection

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INTERNETWORKING MODEL
The Layered Approach
Advantages of Reference Models
It divides the network communication process into

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Computer Network by P.It-arun

smaller and simpler components, thus aiding comp
onent development, design, and troubleshooting.
It allows multiple-vendor development through
standardization of network components.
It encourages industry standardization by defining
what functions occur at each layer of the model.
It allows various types of network hardware and
software to communicate.
It prevents changes in one layer from affecting
other layers, so it does not hamper development.

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THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL
The upper layers

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THE LOWER LAYERS
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LAYER FUNCTIONS
INTERFACES: VERTICAL
(ADJACENT LAYER)
COMMUNICATION

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PROTOCOLS: HORIZONTAL
(CORRESPONDING LAYER)
COMMUNICATION

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DATA ENCAPSULATION

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TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

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TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

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PROTOCOL DATA UNITS (PDUS)
AND SERVICE DATA UNITS (SDUS)

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INDIRECT DEVICE CONNECTION
AND MESSAGE ROUTING

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APPLICATION LAYER
The Application layer of the OSI model marks
the spot where users actually communicate
to the computer.

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Sample ->
World Wide Web (WWW)
E-mail gateways
Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Special interest bulletin boards
Internet navigation utilities
Financial transaction services

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THE PRESENTATION LAYER
It presents data to the Application layer and
is responsible for data translation and code f
ormatting.

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This layer is essentially a translator and
provides coding and conversion functions. A
successful data-transfer technique is to adap
t the data into a standard format before trans
mission.

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THE SESSION LAYER
The Session layer is responsible for
setting up, managing, and then tearing
down sessions between Presentation la

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yer entities.
This layer also provides dialogue
control between devices, or nodes. It c
oordinates communication between sy
stems, and serves to organize their co
mmunication by offering three differen
t modes: simplex, half duplex, and full
duplex. 23
THE TRANSPORT LAYER
The Transport layer segments and
reassembles data into a data stream.
Services located in the Transport layer

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both segment and reassemble data fro
m upper-layer applications and unite it
onto the same data stream.
They provide end-to-end data
transport services and can establish a l
ogical connection between the sending
host and destination host on an intern
etwork.
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 The Transport layer is responsible for
providing mechanisms for multiplexing upper
-layer applications, establishing sessions, and

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tearing down virtual circuits.
The Transport layer can be connectionless or
connection-oriented.
Some of you are probably familiar with TCP
and UDP already.

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FLOW CONTROL
Data integrity is ensured at the
Transport layer by maintaining flow con
trol and by allowing users to request rel

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iable data transport between systems.
The segments delivered are acknowledged
back to the sender upon their reception.
Any segments not acknowledged are
retransmitted.
Segments are sequenced back into their
proper order upon arrival at their destinatio
n.
A manageable data flow is maintained in
order to avoid congestion, overloading, and
data loss. 26
CONNECTION-ORIENTED
COMMUNICATION
a call setup, or a three way handshake

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TRANSMITTING SEGMENTS
WITH FLOW CONTROL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Itguarantees that the data wont be
duplicated or lost.

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This is achieved through something
called positive acknowledgment with r
etransmission a technique that require
s a receiving machine to communicate
with the transmitting source by sendin
g an acknowledgment message back t
o the sender when it receives data.
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WINDOWING
THE NETWORK LAYER
The Network layer (also called layer 3)
manages device addressing, tracks the
location of devices on the network, an

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d determines the best way to move da
ta, which means that the Network laye
r must transport traffic between device
s that arent locally attached.
Two types of packets are used at the
Network layer:
Data packets : routed protocol
Route update packets : routing
protocol
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ROUTING TABLE USED IN A ROUTER
HERE ARE SOME POINTS ABOUT ROUTERS
THAT YOU SHOULD REALLY COMMIT TO MEMO
RY:
Routers, by default, will not forward any broadcast or
multicast packets.
Routers use the logical address in a Network layer
header to determine the next hop router to forward th

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e packet to.
Routers can use access lists, created by an
administrator, to control security on the types of pack
ets that are allowed to enter or exit an interface.
Routers can provide layer 2 bridging functions if
needed and can simultaneously route through the sa
me interface.
Layer 3 devices (routers in this case) provide
connections between virtual LANs (VLANs).
Routers can provide quality of service (QoS) for
specific types of network traffic.
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THE DATA LINK LAYER
The Data Link layer provides the physical
transmission of the data and handles error n
otification, network topology, and flow contro

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l.
The Data Link layer formats the message into
pieces, each called a data frame, and adds a
customized header containing the hardware
destination and source address.

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DATA LINK LAYER WITH THE
ETHERNET AND IEEE
SPECIFICATIONS.
THE IEEE ETHERNET DATA LINK
LAYER HAS TWO SUBLAYERS:
Media Access Control (MAC)
802.3 Defines how packets are plac

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ed on the media. Contention media ac
cess is first come/first served access
where everyone shares the same band
widthhence the name. Physical addr
essing is defined here,
Logical Link Control (LLC) 802.2
Responsible for identifying Network lay
er protocols and then encapsulating th
em. 36
SWITCHES AND BRIDGES AT THE
DATA LINK LAYER
Layer 2 switching is considered
hardware-based bridging because it us

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es specialized hardware called an appli
cation-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
.

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THE PHYSICAL LAYER
we find that the Physical layer does two
things: It sends bits and receives bits. Bits
come only in values of 1 or 0a Morse code

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with numerical values.
The Physical layer specifies the electrical,
mechanical, procedural, and functional requir
ements for activating, maintaining, and deac
tivating a physical link between end systems.
This layer is also where you identify the
interface between the data terminal equipme
nt (DTE) and the data communication equip
ment (DCE).
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HUBS AT THE PHYSICAL LAYER
A hub is really a multiple-port repeater. A
repeater receives a digital signal and ream
plifies or regenerates that signal, and then f

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orwards the digital signal out all active port
s without looking at any data.

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Computer Network by P.It-arun Computer
Engineering Dept, RMUTT.
ETHERNET NETWORKING
Lecture 2-2
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THE SUCCESS OF ETHERNET
IS DUE TO THE FOLLOWING
FACTORS:
Simplicity and ease of maintenance

Ability to incorporate new technologies

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Reliability

Low cost of installation and upgrade

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802.3 ETHERNET IN RELATION TO
THE OSI MODEL
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IEEE 802.X STANDARDS
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ETHERNET TECHNOLOGIES MAPPED
TO THE OSI MODEL
ETHERNET ADDRESSING
We get into how Ethernet addressing
works. It uses the Media Access Contro

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l (MAC) address burned into each and
every Ethernet Network Interface Card
(NIC).

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MAC ADDRESS FORMAT
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GENERIC FRAME FORMAT
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IEEE 802.3
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ETHERNET II FRAME FORMAT
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ETHERNET II AND IEEE 802.3
FRAME FORMAT
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MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)
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MAC RULES AND COLLISION
DETECTION/BACKOFF
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MAC RULES AND COLLISION
DETECTION/BACKOFF
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ETHERNET TIMING
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INTERFRAME SPACING
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BACKOFF
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ERROR HANDLING
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TYPES OF COLLISIONS
THE EFFECTS OF HAVING A CSMA/CD
NETWORK SUSTAINING HEAVY COLLISIONS INC
LUDE
Delay
Low throughput

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Congestion

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ETHERNET ERRORS
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ETHERNET ERRORS
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FCS ERRORS
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PARAMETERS FOR 10 MBPS
ETHERNET OPERATION
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MANCHESTER ENCODING
EXAMPLES
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PARAMETERS FOR 100-MBPS
ETHERNET OPERATION
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MLT-3 ENCODING EXAMPLE
(100BASE-TX)
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NRZI ENCODING EXAMPLES
(100BASE-FX)
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PARAMETERS FOR GIGABIT
ETHERNET OPERATION
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ACTUAL 1000BASE-T SIGNAL
TRANSMISSION
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GIGABIT ETHERNET LAYERS
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GIGABIT ETHERNET MEDIA
COMPARISON
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PARAMETERS FOR 10-GBPS
ETHERNET OPERATION
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10GBASE LX-4 SIGNAL
MULTIPLEXING
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WIRELESS NETWORKING
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BENEFITS OF WLANS
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EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS LANS
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UNLICENSED FREQUENCY BANDS
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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
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DISTANCE VERSUS SPEED
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WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
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IN-BUILDING WLANS
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THE IEEE 802 STANDARDS
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IEEE 802.11 PROTOCOLS
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IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS
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DATA ENCAPSULATION
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DATA ENCAPSULATION
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SUMMARY
OSI modelthe seven-layer model used to help
application developers design applications that can ru
n on any type of system or network. Each layer has its
special jobs and select responsibilities within the mod

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el to ensure that solid, effective communications do, i
n fact, occur.
Remember that hubs are Physical layer devices and
repeat the digital signal to all segments except the on
e it was received from.
Switches segment the network using hardware
addresses and break up collision domains.
Routers break up broadcast domains (and collision
domains) and use logical addressing to send packets t
hrough an internetwork.

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