Chemical Foundations of Life

Classification of Matter
Atom
The Periodic Table of Elements
Chemical Bonds
Water
The Concept of pH
Organic Compounds
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Atom
The fundamental unit of an element

http://www.glenair.com/qwikconnect/vol7num4/atom_illustration.jpg

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 Mass number
Total number
of protons and
neutrons
A
Z X Element

Atomic number
Number of protons

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Calculate the number of protons,
neutrons and electrons in each of
the following elements.
32 40
16 S 18 Ar
1 4

23 35
11Na 17 Cl
2 5

244
94 Pu
3

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Isotopes
Have the same atomic number but differ in mass
number

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Ions
Atoms that have a charge
o Could either be positively or negatively charged

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/ions.gif

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 http://www.periodni.com/download/periodic_table-color.png

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 Hydrogen Atom

A Molecule of
Hydrogen Chloride
Chlorine Atom

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Chemical Bond
An attraction among atoms brought about by the
sharing of electrons or the complete transfer of
electrons

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/66568/flashcards/687853/pn
g/tetrahedral-a.png

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Covalent Bond
The strongest of bonds
Involves a complete sharing of electrons and
occurs most commonly between atoms that have
partially filled outer shells or energy levels
formed between two non-metal elements

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/diag_methane.gif
http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/magcom/magcom1104/magcom110400004/9355987-space-fill-ball-and-stick-models-of-methane.jpg

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Covalent Bond
o Types depending on the electronegativity of the
combining atoms:
1)Nonpolar covalent bond bond between
atoms where a pair of electrons are shared or
distributed equally
Examples: H2, O2 and CH4

2)Polar covalent bond bond where the

electrons are not shared equally due to one atom
being more electronegative than the other
Example: H2O

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Ionic Bond
Arises from elements with low electronegativity
reacting with elements with high electronegativity
Not as strong as covalent bonds

http://usermeds.com/static/401f8f73bfc7be4dfafc5b11851e8293.gif

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Hydrogen Bond
Results from electrostatic attraction between an
electronegative atom (O or N) and a hydrogen atom
that is bonded covalently to a second
electronegative atom

http://www.clearbiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hydrogen-Bonds-Colored-JC_2012.png

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Van der Waals Interaction
Weak attractions between molecules or parts of
molecules that are brought about by localized
charge fluctuations
Occurs only when atoms and molecules are very
close together

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/chemistry/images/bonding_fig05.gif

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Water
Most abundant of all compounds in cells
Comprises 60% to 90% of most living organisms

http://www.volusia.org/core/fileparse.php/4157/urlt/water2.jpg

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Properties of Water
Exists as liquid at room temperature (25 to 27C)
Has high specific heat capacity
Has high heat of vaporization
Reaches its maximum density at 4C while still a
liquid; becomes less dense with further cooling

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/45/7345-004-5AC1E95A.gif

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Properties of Water
Has a high surface tension

http://www.liv.ac.uk/researchintelligence/images/water_strider.jpg

Excellent solvent
Participates in many chemical reactions

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 ACIDS BASES
Vinegar Lye

Calamansi Juice Ammonia

Baking
Lemon
Aqua
Calamansi
Milk
Vitamin C
of
Limewater
Soap
Lye
Softdrinks
Ammonia
Soap
Vitamin C

Juice
JuiceSoda
Regia
Magnesia
Softdrinks Milk of Magnesia

Lemon Juice Limewater

Aqua Regia Baking Soda

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 Hydroxide ion

+ -
H2O H +OH
Hydrogen ion

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The Concept of pH
Acid substance that increases the
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Base substance that reduces hydrogen ion
concentration in a solution
pH measure of acidity/basicity of a substance
pH scale used to classify the solution as acidic
or basic
Buffers substances that minimize changes in
the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide
ions

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 pH Values of Selected Substances
gastric juice 1.2 - 3
lemon juice 2.2 2.4
vinegar, wine 3
softdrink 3 3.5
vaginal fluid 3.5 4.5
pineapple/orange 3.5
juice
tomato juice 4.2
coffee 5
urine 4.6 - 8
http://faculty.taftcollege.edu/dsheehy/includes/courses/Physiology7/Documents/5%20Chemical
%20Organization%20of%20the%20Cell%20-%20Energy%20Storage.pdf

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 pH Values of Selected Substances
saliva 6.6 6.9
distilled water 7
blood 7.35 7.45
semen 7.2 7.6
bile 7.6 8.6
milk of magnesia 10
household bleach 12

lye or oven cleaner 14

http://faculty.taftcollege.edu/dsheehy/includes/courses/Physiology7/Documents/5%20Chemical
%20Organization%20of%20the%20Cell%20-%20Energy%20Storage.pdf

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Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

http://www.readyed.com.au/healthy/images/food1.jpg

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Carbohydrates
The main sources of energy and are the main
structural units of cells
Three major groups based on size:
o Monosaccharides
o Disaccharides
o Polysaccharides

http://images.idiva.com/media/photogallery/2012/Nov
/carbs3_600x450.jpg

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Monosaccharides
From the Greek words monos = single and
sacchar = sugar
Simplest forms of carbohydrates and generally
have molecular formulas that are multiples of
CH2O

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Disaccharides
From the Greek words di = two and sacchar =
sugar
Consist of two monosaccharides covalently joined
by a glycosidic linkage

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Polysaccharides
From the Greek words poly = many and
sacchar = sugar
Complex sugars made up of a few hundred to a
few thousand monosaccharides joined together
by glycosidic linkages

http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/images/amylose.gif
http://www.rsc.org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/images/amylopectin.gif

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Lipids
Have little or no affinity for water because they
consist mostly of hydrocarbons (compounds
containing only C and H) that form nonpolar
covalent bonds
The three most abundant lipids :
o Neutral fats or triglycerides
o Phospholipids
o Steroids

http://www.chemical-engineering.co/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/vegetable-fats1.jpg

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Triglycerides
Represent the bodys most abundant and
concentrated source of energy
Composed of two building blocks: glycerol and
fatty acids

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Phospholipids

Have two fatty acids and a

phosphate group attached to a
glycerol backbone
Found in cell membranes and are
also abundant in brain and nervous
tissues

http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lgd1gpinxE1qc9f5v.jpg

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Phospholipids

Phospholipid Bilayer

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cellular-micromolecules/lipid-bilayer-structure.jpeg

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Steroids
Characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of
four rings with various functional groups attached

Cholesterol

http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/oxford/oxfordBiochemistry/0198529171.c
holesterol.1.jpg

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Proteins
Used for structural support, storage, transport of
other substances, signaling, movement, and
defense against foreign substances
Made up of amino acids or peptides

Amino
Acid
Structure

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Proteins
A polypeptide is a polymer (chain) of many
amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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 http://amit1b.wordpress.com/the-molecules-of-life/about/amino-acids/

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 4 Levels of Protein Structure

http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0020_Miller/week/5/f03006.gif

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Nucleic Acids
Has 2 types:
o DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
o RNA ribonucleic acid
Composed of long chains of units called
nucleotides

Nucleotid
e
Structure

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Nucleic Acids
A polynucleotide is a chain of nucleotides
joined together by phosphodiester linkages

http://click4biology.info/c4b/3/images/3.3/dinucleotide.gif

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 DNA Base Pairing

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/molecular%20biology/dsDNA.jpg

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