Electrical Safety Module

Electrical Safety
1
Other Safety
Introduction Electric Shock Arc and Blast Review
Issues
The Importance of Electricity
Engineers need to use

electricity regardless of
engineering discipline.
Imagine a world
without electricity even
not the batteries. Now
make a list of things Electricit
that you could still do y
to keep you living
smooth. Such a list
would be almost
empty!
In todays world, no
matter what you do or
where you are, 2
electricity is essential.
Other Safety
Issues
Do We Know the Danger of Electricity?
Electricity is such an important part in our life.
Have we ever thought about how dangerous it

could be?
Do we know how much electricity we are

handling at home or at workplaces and at what
danger level?
Do we know what could go wrong in using

electricity? Also, how and why that can
happen.
Do we know how we can prevent accidents

3
Other Safety
Issues
Accidents Related to Electricity
In only one year there were 53,589 electricity

related fires reported in Canada, which resulted in
304 deaths, 2,547 injuries and $1.49 billion in
property losses [1]
In Ontario an average annual cost of electricity

related injuries is $1.3 million [1]
In U.S., there is 43,900 electrical home fires each

year, resulting in 438 deaths, 1,430 injuries and
$1.47 billion in property damages [2]
Human factor is the most significant cause for

electrical
[1] 2001, incidents
2002, 2011 Ontario Electrical Safety Report
[2] Electrical Safety Foundation International, 2013 National Electrical Safety Month
4
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Powerline Contact
May 18, 2010

A precast concrete company
was making a delivery with a
boom truck at a road
rebuilding site
the victim helped guide the
load by grabbing one of the
legs of the sling suspending
the load
The wire rope made contact
with the powerline
The worker received a severe
shock and fell to the ground
convulsing
5
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Powerline Contact (continued )
Approximately 14
months of investigation
No designated area for
unloading
No signaller was used
The boom truck
operators view might
have been obstructed
by the worker standing
in front of him on the
flatbed of the truck
6
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Electrical Panel
October 3, 2007
Connection of
temporary lighting
cables to the electrical
panel on a construction
site
The apprentice entered
the panel to pull up the
cable and hook it into
the power panel
Inadvertently, the
apprentice came into
contact with the 7
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Electrical Panel (continued )
Approximately 11 months of
investigation
The panel was left energized
No personal protective equipment
was worn
Safety policies were not followed
No hazard assessment was
conducted prior to performing the
work
Contractor was fined $300,000 8
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Overloading
February 3, 2010
Portable space heater
was connected to an
extension cord which
plugged into a wall
receptacle
This connection was
kept semi-
permanently which is
not the intended use
for an extension cord
9
Other Safety
Issues
Electrical Incidents: Overloading (continued )
The receptacle was

nearby combustibles
Leaving the glass door
open after escape
provided oxygen for
fire to continue
Charring and smoke
stains all over the place
A serious injury and
$30,000 in property
damage
10
Other Safety
Issues
Why Health and Safety Matter to an Engineer
Every one who undertakes, or has the authority, to direct how

another person does work or performs a task is under a legal
duty to take reasonable steps to prevent bodily harm to that
person, or any other person, arising from that work or task.
Federal Law in Canada (Bill C45), amended on
March 31, 2004
An engineer directs other people to work through

project design, supervision and decision making at
various levels.
11
Other Safety
Issues
The Goal of Zero Fatality
Should enforcement be the only

driving force?
Imagine a situation where you are a
CEO of a giant construction company.
Unfortunately, there are 20 deaths in
a year due to work related accidents
in your company. So, you have taken
vigorous measures to reduce this
number to half. Hurray! You have
?
Celebration and coffin
achieved the goal and its time to cant go together.
celebrate!
The goal of health and safety
Arent you still celebrating
management for killing
is to achieve ZERO
10 people? injury. 12
Other Safety
Issues
SPIES Model
I believe its
the only way
I feel strongly
about the need Spiritual
I understand
its importance Emotional
I do it to satisfy
my boss I ntellectual
I do it to keep
my job Political
Self
13
Other Safety
Issues
Major Electrical Hazards
Electric shock: a sudden physiological

stimulation when human body is a part of an
enclosed current loop.
Arc: the light and heat released from an
electrical breakdown that is due to electrical
current ionizing gases in the air.
Blast: an explosive or rapid expansion of air

with tremendous pressure and temperature,
which is caused by arcs sometimes.
14
Electrical Other Safety
Introduction Shock Arc and Blast Review
Issues
Factors Affecting Electrical Shock
The amount of current is a critical factor in

determining the severity of electrical shock.
When current flows through an element, voltage
cannot be zero (Ohms Law: V = RI). Thus,
voltage is also a factor.
The current pathway and its resistance in the
human body are important factors for electrical
shock.
Power (P) = Voltage x Current = V x I 0
What matters the most is the amount of energy
transferred from the electric power source to
human body.
We know, Energy = Power x Time; or W = P x t.
So, the duration of current flow is also 15
Issues
Physiological Effects of Electricity
The human body must become a part of an

electric circuit for a physiological effect to occur.
There must be a current flow from one point of
the body to another point of the body, i.e., not an
open circuit.
The magnitude of current is critical in determining
the severity
Phenomenon:
- Electric stimulation of excitable tissue
- Resistive heating of tissue
- Electrochemical burns and tissue damage for
direct current and very high voltages
16
Issues
Nominal Human Response to Current Magnitudes
Current (60 Hz) rms Physiological Feeling or lethal

Phenomena incidence
< 1mA None Imperceptible
1 10 mA Perception threshold Mild to painful sensation
10 mA Paralysis threshold of Cannot release hand
arms grip
30 mA Respiratory paralysis Stoppage of breathing,
frequently fatal
75 mA Fibrillation threshold Heart action
0.5% discoordinated
(probably fatal)
250 mA Fibrillation threshold Heart action
99.5% discoordinated
(probably fatal)
4A Hearing paralysis Heart stops for duration
threshold of current passage
*>This
5A data is approximate and based on aburning
Tissue 68 kg person
Ref: R. H. Lee, The Other Electrical Hazard: Electric Arc Blast Burns, IEEE Trans. Industrial Applications, 17
Issues
Let-Go Current
Let-go current is the

maximum current a
person can tolerate
when holding a current
carrying conductor in
one hand and yet let go
of the conductor by
using muscles directly
affected by that current
Let-go current depends on frequency

Example: 60 mA current at 2000 Hz and at 5 Hz is
safe for men but the same amount of current at 60Hz
is not safe
Ref: C. F. Dalziel, Let go current and voltages, AIEE Transactions 75 (II): 49, 1956 18
Issues
How Much Current Are We Using at Home?
We use electricity in many different things at home.

How much current flows through these devices and how
dangerous these could be. See the following examples:
Assume (typical) an electric stove has two 2500 W

coils and two 1000 W coils
- If the 2500 W is turned on, it requires a current flow of
20.83 A
- If all four coils are in use, it requires a current of
58.33
Typical A! current requirements: (Considering V = 120V
in Canada)
Cloth dryer = 33.0 A Iron = 8.5 A
Dishwasher = 11.5 A Coffeemaker = 6.5 A
Microwave = 10.0 A Television = 1.6 A
19
Issues
How About At Nonresidential Places?

Workers often use various dangerous electrical
equipment.
Also, people use things in public places which require
An
highoilrig may require several megawatt of power, which
current.
may
have more than thousand amperes of current in it.
The list of heavy duty machines can be endless here.
All these machines require moderate to very high
current.
A three-car transit train may require 300 A - 900 A
A ten passenger elevator may require 150 A

A 20 foot high escalator may require 100 A
The engineers who design these ensure

that the workers, users and public will
remain safe. 20
Issues
Electrical Resistance of Human Body
The electrical resistance of the human body depends on

various factors such as skin condition (dry, wet, type of
gel or lotion used), parts of the body and even on
gender.
Resistance between two points x and y of a human

body is l Resistivity which depends on material property
Rxy l Length between x and y
A
A Crosssectional area (skin contact area is important)
Dry skin has higher resistivity than wet skin

Male usually have higher resistivity than female
Thicker skin has higher resistance than thinner skin
21
Issues
Circuit Model of Electrical Resistance in Human Body

a g
a g
b f R bhf
h b f
Skin
b f c e
R bc R ef
Muscle R cde
d c e
Rag Rbhf / / Rbc Rcde Ref Rbc Rcde Ref Rbc Ref
Sinc Rbhf Rbc Rcde and skin has higher resistance than
e, muscle
The current path a-b-c-d-e-f has lower resistance than

a-b-h-f-g.
Most of the current flows through the inside of the
body rather than through the body surface (current
path bhf) which is skin.
It is more likely for majority of the current to flow
22
Issues
Area of Contact Matters
Assume a person has accidentally touched a live line

having 120 V. The higher the body resistance is the
lower will be the current flow.
The body resistance mostly depends on Rbc and Ref ,
i.e. the skin resistance in contact with the live line or
object.
The resistances Rbc and Ref become smaller for larger
contact area (A on slide #14) which allows more
current to flow.
The following pictures show different area of contacts.
23
Issues
Nominal Resistance Values
Resistance
Condition
Dry skin Wet skin
Finger touch 4 k 1 M 4 k 15 k
Hand holding wire 10 k 50 k 3 k 6 k
Finger-thumb grasp 10 k 30 k 2 k 5 k
Palm touch 3 k 8 k 1 k 2 k
Hand around 1.5 pipe 0.5 k 1.5 250 750
k
Hand immersed 200 500

Limb (excluding skin) 200
Trunk (excluding skin) 100
Limb to limb (excluding 500
skin)
Ref: Electricity Safety Handbook by J. Cadick, et al (data copied for 24

Issues
Power Outlets
There are usually three ports in a residential

(single phase) wall socket.
Neutr Live or hot

al Ground
Groun
d
Is there any standard color coding?

What is the need of the ground port when there is a
neutral port?
Why is the size of the neutral and live ports are
different? 25
Issues
Color Coding: CSA Group Standards
CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Group has

standards for electrical installations called Canadian
Electrical Code. The CSA Group standard has the
following recommend color-code:
For AC (alternating current)
Ground line: Green or green with one or more
yellow stripes
Neutral line: White
Hot (1 phase): Black or red
Hot (3 phase): Red (phase A), black (phase B), blue
(phase C)
For DC (direct current)
2 wire: Black and red
3 wire: Black, red and white
26
Issues
Understanding the Electrocution Circuits
VS VS
Conductor Insulat
(a or
(b)
)
Closed
circuit
In both cases the circuits are closed and the person
becomes an element in the circuit.
In figures a and b, if the source is 120V and the body
exhibits a resistance of 5 k, the current through the
body is 24 mA
Note that this type of electric shock can be fatal
depending on the contact area, skin condition and
duration of current flow 27
Issues
Understanding the Electrocution Circuits
VS VS
Insulator InsulatoConduct
r or
(c (d
) )
Open
circuit
In figure c, the resistance between hand and the
ground is infinite (open circuit). The voltage across
the body is VS but the current through the body is
zero (I = VS/). The person remains safe in this
situation. WARNING: Dont do this
experiment.
In figure d, both will be electrocuted because the
circuit is closed through the second person standing 28
Issues
The Need of a Ground Port
A typical electrical The internal circuit is

connection electrically insulated against
the external body of the
appliance.
The ground line is connected

to the external body but not
Liv
directly connected to the

e
internal circuit.
The
intern Normally the current flows
al through the live and neutral
circuit
lines.
Neutr
Groun The users are safe to touch

al
d these appliances under

normal operation.
If the internal circuit

accidently gets connected to 29
Issues
The Need of a Ground Port (Continued )
The equivalent circuit under normal

operation
Liv
e
RA
VS RH
B
Ground
Neutr The feet are The equivalent circuit

al electrically under normal
connected to the operation
ground
RA = equivalent impedance (resistance) of the appliances
internal circuit
RHB = body resistance of the person touching the appliance
Under normal operation, the person is not a part of the
circuit
The person remains SAFE 30
Issues
The Need of a Ground Port (Continued )

Faulty Assume the appliances
Liv
e
connection body is connected to
the live line
a faulty connection
Ground
RA
VS RH
Neutr The feet are B
al electrically
connected to
ground The equivalent circuit with
the ground port under faulty
condition
No current in RHB SAFE
RA operation
VS RH Assume the appliances external body is
B accidentally connected to the internal
electric circuit.
Without the ground connection the body is
The equivalent circuit without part of the circuit and current flows through
the ground port under faulty
the persons body
condition
Current flows through RHB With the ground connection the current
The person is electrocuted flows through the ground line bypassing the 31
Issues
Different Sizes of the Outlets and Color Code
To other
ac
120 V powered
ac line devices
N L
The plug pins have
different sizes. S
The ground connection is not shown here.
The plug pins shown at the left need to be inserted into the plug
socket to turn on the table lamp.
The switch S is placed somewhere between the plug pins and the
light bulb holder.
The switch S can be connected to the live or neutral line
depending on how the plug pins are inserted into the socket. In
this diagram it is on the LIVE line.
Different sizes of the pins ensure that the switch always remains
on the live line. 32
Issues
Different Sizes of the Outlets and Color Code
To other
ac
120 V powered
ac line devices
N L
S
The ground connection is not shown here.
Assume the pins of a plug have the same size and they can be
inserted into the plug socket in either way. (Note that with different
sizes there is only one way.)
This diagram shows that the plug is inserted in a way such that the
switch S is now placed on the NEUTRAL line instead of being
placed on the live line.
In this scenario current can flow through the persons body even
though the switch is OFF.
Thus, turning off the switch will not ensure electrical safety if the 33
Issues
Different Sizes of the Outlets
A 3-pin plug has Wall A plug with

only one way to socket different pin
be inserted sizes
It is an easy go as Does not fit because the

it fits with the larger pin cannot be
right size inserted into the smaller
hole
34
Issues
Static Electricity
We all experience static electricity, particularly on

a dry winter day it can be painful.
Static electricity can be a fire/explosion hazard if
- static electric charge continues to generate and
accumulate
- the air near the source has an ignitable mixture
Petroleum based fuels often develop static charge
when they are carried in a metal container,
poured or flow through hoses.
Higher temperature and higher altitude lower the
flash point, which may enhance ignition.
35
Issues
Static Electricity Bonding

Hose
The dispensing and

receiving metal
containers are electrically
bonded by a conductor.
The bonding must be
done before pouring. Metal
Since the two containers bondin
are electrically connected Fuel g
drum
there is no voltage
difference.
Some
Bondinghoses have
is not built-infor containers that do not
effective
bonding mechanism.
conduct electricity.
Bonding alone may not be sufficient to prevent
static electricity. 36
Issues
Static Electricity Bonding and Grounding

Hose
Metal
bondin
Grounded metal
g
pipe
Metal
bondin
Fuel drum g
Both containers are bonded and one of them are

grounded.
The ground is usually water or gas metal pipes.
Any accumulated charge will be completely
37
discharged through the ground connection line.
Other Safety
Issues
Arcing
Arcing occurs when electric current flows

uncontrolled accompanied by ionization of the
surrounding air from phase to ground, phase to
neutral, and/or phase to phase.
Normally, air is an insulator.
Under certain circumstances air insulation may fail.
Insulation failure can result in short-circuit.
This releases an enormous amount of energy in a
very short time. 38
Other Safety
Issues
Insulation Failure Strong Electric Field
R = when air is an insulator. Arcing occurs when R

=0
The electric field between the two conductors is
given by
Electric field = (voltage difference) / (distance
between conductors)
Example: assume two conductors with a voltage
difference
of 100 000 V and the distance between the
conductors is 0.5 m
39
Other Safety
Issues
Insulation Failure Factors Influencing
Arcing can be influenced and/or caused by the

following factors:
Defective or aging insulation material
Poor or incorrect maintenance
Moisture or vermin and human errors
A tool slipping and touching live conductors
Environmental factors such as geography, altitude,
humidity and geology
Meteorological factors such as ambient pressure,
temperature,
and wind
40
Other Safety
Issues
Arcing Hazards
Arcing
Fire Blast
Light Burn
Pressure
Sound
Wave
41
Other Safety
Issues
Arcing Hazard Fire and Burns
Arcing results in fierce fire and the temperature of

this fire can be as high as 20 000 C.
This arcing temperature is four times as hot as the
suns surface.
No material, known on the earth, can withstand this
temperature. They will be vaporized.
Burns from electric arc do not need a direct contact
to fire.
With temperatures rising in and around an arc, burn
hazard is present from ohmic heating; ignition and
combustion of nearby materials, notably including
worn clothing and adjacent equipment; and
sprayed or blown hot or melting installation
elements.
A person standing several feet away from an arc 42
Other Safety
Issues
Arcing Hazard Light
The intense light generated by arc flash emits

dangerous ultraviolet and infrared.
Without proper protection the ultraviolet may
cause temporary or permanent blindness.
The most common injury from infrared radiation
exposure is eye injury to cornea, with the
formation of cataracts, retinal burns and corneal
burns.
People normally avoid too intense visible light.
However, it takes about 0.25 second to close the
eyes with an aversion response.
43
Other Safety
Issues
Arc Flash Boundaries

Any point on an
Prohibited space is considered as
Prohibited exposed,
equivalent to direct contact.
Space energized or
Required: appropriate PPE, training,
boundary circuit part
work permit, risk assessment
Restricted space appropriate
PPE, training, work permit, risk
assessment are required to enter
this region.
Limited space Unqualified
persons must be accompanied by a
qualified person. Appropriate PPE,
training on the task to be performed
and risk assessment are required.
Flash protection boundary is Restricted
defined as the distance at which a space
person can be exposed to 1.2 boundary
cal/cm2 of incident energy. PPE must Limited
be worn to prevent 2nd degree or Flash
space
greater burns. Unqualified person protection
boundary
must be accompanied by a qualified boundary 44
Other Safety
Issues
Arcing Hazard Blast
During an arc flash, the rapidly expanding gases

and heated air may cause blasts, pressure waves
or explosions.
Blast pressures may exceed 10 ton/m2, knocking
workers off ladders or collapsing workers lung.
These events occur very rapidly with speeds
exceeding 1100 km/h, making it impossible for a
worker to get out of the way.
The gasses expelled from the blast also carry the
products of the arc with them including droplets of
molten metal similar to buckshot.
The sound level from blasts and pressure waves
can be as high as 160 dB at a distance of several
feet, where the sound from a jet engine at 200 feet
is about 130 dB. 45
Other Safety
Issues
Arc Flash Hazard Calculation

Widely accepted standards for calculating arc flash hazard:
IEEE 1584-2002 and
Appendix D of NFPA 70E-2012 (NFPA: National Fire Protection
Association)
A sample warning
label
* This warning label is copied from 46

Other Safety
Issues
A Natural Arcing Lightening
Lightening is a natural
arcing
47
Other Safety
Issues
SAFE Limit of Current Through a Wire

Is there a SAFE limit on number of devices
that can be connected to a multiplug? Is it
just the number of devices or the amount
of current that
Equivalent sets
circuit ofthe limit?
a multiplug when connected to
multiple devices I
120 V ac
line, Device Device Device Device Device
Input to -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
the I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
multiplug
By KCL,
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 +
I5
I is the total current that the multiplug is receiving
from the wall socket. This current depends on the
individual current demanded by each device
connected to it. 48
Other Safety
Issues
SAFE Limit of Current Through a Wire (continued )

Electric wires have limits of maximum current flow, called
ampacity
When current flows through a wire, it produces heat
Joule Heat = (Current)2 x (Resistance of the wire)
Excessive heat may damage wire material and its
insulation
Such damages may cause short circuit, severe electric
shock, burn, etc. A
lto flow safely
R
Higher diameter is required for larger current
A
l
R = Resistance =
Resistivity
l = length A = Area
CSA Group has standards for ampacity where the
diameter is expressed in terms of AWG (American Wire
Gauge) 49
Other Safety
Issues
SAFE Limit of Current Through a Wire (continued )
Electric wires, plugs, sockets, etc. have well defined

current limit.
The users should never exceed these current limits.
15 A
50
Other Safety
Issues
Short Circuit and Ground Fault

Short
circuit
Short Circuit: A short circuit
occurs when a live line and
neutral line actually touch each
other. Live or
Neutr hot
Ground
al
Ground
Ground Fault: A ground fault fault
occurs when the live line comes
into contact with the ground line
or a grounded portion of a
junction box or grounded part of Live or
an appliance or a device. Neutr hot
Ground
al
A large amount of current flows in
51
Other Safety
Issues
An Ordinary Over-limit Protector
If current flows over the

rated (or safe) limit in a
circuit, the over-limit
protection devices break
the circuit. This can be done Fuses Circuit
by blowing a fuse or by breaker
tripping aancircuit breaker.
Assume appliance is supposed to draw a maximum
of 15A current at 120 V. A fuse or circuit breaker rated
15 A is connected to the line. A person accidentally
touches the live line. The over-limit protection device
will not break the circuit until the current exceeds 15 A.
But current levels as low as 10 to 30 mA can be fatal to
human beings. Thus, such an ordinary over-limit
protector cannot save the users in this situation
52
Other Safety
Issues
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
GFCIs interrupts a circuit when there

is a difference in the currents in the
live and neutral lines. Such a
difference indicates an abnormal
diversion of current either through
the ground line or through a persons
body who has come into contact with
the live line and is being
electrocuted. The device activates
with a minimum current difference of
5 mA. This keeps the person safe.
When aarecircuit
GFCIs functions
required to be normally,
used in bathrooms,
the difference
swimming in and
pools, current is always
in some kitchen receptacles.
zero.GFCIs have a Test button which causes a small
The
difference between the live and neutral line. 53
Other Safety
Issues
Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)
AFCI is a device intended to

provide protection from the effects
of arc faults by recognizing
characteristics unique to arcing
and by functioning to de-energize
the circuit when an arc fault has
occurred. AFCIs use integrated
processors which recognizes the
unique current and/or voltage
signatures associated with arcing
faults. It clears the fault in a very
short time. For 60 Hz ac power
system, the clearing time is less
than 8.3 milliseconds. It is
recommended that AFCIs should be 54
Other Safety
Issues
Step Potential
In case of a fault at a
tower, the current will flow
through the ground.
If the fault current for a
high-voltage tower is 7000
A and the resistance to
ground of the grounding
system is 5 , the ground
potential rise will be 35000
V.
A person walking nearby is likely to experience a
large voltage difference between the feet.
A current will flow through the persons body causing
an electrical shock although there is no direct contact.
55
Other Safety
Issues
The Common Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
The most common types of PPE

include:
Nonconductive flame-resistant head, face, and
chin protection (hard hats, full face shields,
switching hoods, etc.)
Eye protection (face shields, safety glasses,
goggles)
Body protection resistant to flash flame (shirts,
pants, jackets, coveralls)
Hand and arms protection (insulating gloves and
sleeves with leather protectors)
Foot and leg protection (insulated leg and
footwear)
Insulating blankets or mats
56
Other Safety
Issues
Arc Resistant (Also known as Fire Resistant) Cloths
PPE Requirements Typical Protective Clothing Minimum

Hazard Required Systems Clothing Description Flash
Risk Minimum Protectio
Catego Arc Rating n
ry of PPE Boundary
(cal/cm2) (in)
0 N/A 1 layer of non-melting, flammable 6

fabric with weight of at least 4.5 oz/yd2
1 4 1 layer of AR shirt and AR pants or AR 15
coverall
2 8 1 or 2 layers of AR shirt and AR pants 45
with conventional cotton underwear
3 25 2 or 3 layers of AR shirt, AR pants plus 60
AR coverall cotton underwear
4 40 3 or more layers of AR shirt, AR pants ~ 120
plus multi-layer flash suit 57
Other Safety
Issues
Best Practices
Recommendations for circuit designers and electrical

maintenance engineers
Make sure that the design is safe
Use current-limiting overcurrent protective
devices
Implement an electrical safety program
Observe safe work practices
Use appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE)
Use warning labels
Use an energized electrical work permit if
necessary
Avoid hazards of improperly selected or
maintained overcurrent protective devices
58
Other Safety
Issues
Lockout and Tag out

Energy sources including electrical,
mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic,
chemical, thermal or other sources in
machines and equipment can be
hazardous to workers. During the
servicing and maintenance of machines
and equipment, the unexpected startup
or release of stored energy could cause
injury to employees.
Lockout is the process of physically

neutralizing all energies in a piece of
equipment. The equipment must be
tagged out after it has been locked out.
Proper procedures must be developed 59

Other Safety
Issues
Lockout and Tag out (Continued )
Disconnecting the electrical power line

may not ensure the complete release
of all sources of energies. Examples:
A mechanical spring in a piece of

equipment may store high potential
energy which can be released during
the maintenance work and cause
harm.
Electrical energy can be stored in a

capacitor inside an equipment.
Shutting down the equipment may not
release the energy. A sudden release
of this stored energy may cause 60
Other Safety
Issues
Major Regulatory Bodies
Law: the system of rules set by the federal

government and/or provincial government.
Standard: A required or agreed level of quality or
attainment. These are usually set and suggested by
various regulatory bodies.
Canadian Advisory Council on Electrical Safety (CACES)
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Group
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (CCOHS)
Provincial Authorities such as
Alberta Safety Council
Ontario Electrical Safety Authority
Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
61

Electrical Safety Module

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Electrical Safety Module

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Electrical Safety

The Importance of Electricity

Engineers need to use

Do We Know the Danger of Electricity?

Electricity is such an important part in our life.

Have we ever thought about how dangerous it

Do we know how much electricity we are

Do we know what could go wrong in using

Do we know how we can prevent accidents

Accidents Related to Electricity

In only one year there were 53,589 electricity

In Ontario an average annual cost of electricity

In U.S., there is 43,900 electrical home fires each

Human factor is the most significant cause for

Electrical Incidents: Powerline Contact

May 18, 2010

Electrical Incidents: Powerline Contact (continued )

Electrical Incidents: Electrical Panel

Electrical Incidents: Electrical Panel (continued )

Electrical Incidents: Overloading

Electrical Incidents: Overloading (continued )

The receptacle was

Why Health and Safety Matter to an Engineer

Every one who undertakes, or has the authority, to direct how

An engineer directs other people to work through

The Goal of Zero Fatality

Should enforcement be the only

Major Electrical Hazards

Electric shock: a sudden physiological

Blast: an explosive or rapid expansion of air

Factors Affecting Electrical Shock

The amount of current is a critical factor in

Physiological Effects of Electricity

The human body must become a part of an

Nominal Human Response to Current Magnitudes

Current (60 Hz) rms Physiological Feeling or lethal

Let-go current is the

Let-go current depends on frequency

How Much Current Are We Using at Home?

We use electricity in many different things at home.

Assume (typical) an electric stove has two 2500 W

How About At Nonresidential Places?

A ten passenger elevator may require 150 A

The engineers who design these ensure

Electrical Resistance of Human Body

The electrical resistance of the human body depends on

Resistance between two points x and y of a human

Dry skin has higher resistivity than wet skin

Circuit Model of Electrical Resistance in Human Body

The current path a-b-c-d-e-f has lower resistance than

Area of Contact Matters

Assume a person has accidentally touched a live line

Nominal Resistance Values

Ref: Electricity Safety Handbook by J. Cadick, et al (data copied for 24

There are usually three ports in a residential

Neutr Live or hot

Is there any standard color coding?

Color Coding: CSA Group Standards

CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Group has

Understanding the Electrocution Circuits

Understanding the Electrocution Circuits

The Need of a Ground Port

A typical electrical The internal circuit is