SISTEMA DIGESTIVO

Es un tubo abierto:
extensin del medio
ambiente!
E S

absorcin
Digestin:
mecnica (trituracin)
qumica (enzimas hidrolticas
EL TRACTO DIGESTIVO
Anatoma del sistema
digestivo
Digestive tract
Alimentary tract or
canal
GI tract
Accessory
organs
Primarily glands
Regions
Mouth or oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Oral Cavity
Mouth or oral cavity
Vestibule: Space
between lips or
cheeks and alveolar
processes
Oral cavity proper
Lips (labia) and
cheeks
Palate: Oral cavity
roof
Hard and soft
Palatine tonsils
Tongue: Involved in
speech, taste,
mastication,
swallowing
Teeth

Two sets
Primary, deciduous,
milk: Childhood
Permanent or
secondary: Adult
(32)
Types
Incisors, canine,
premolar and
molars
Tooth structure:
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva
Prevents bacterial
infection
Lubrication
Contains salivary
amylase
Breaks down starch
Three pairs
Parotid: Largest
Submandibular
Sublingual:
Smallest
Production of Salivary juice
 SALIVARY SECRETIONS
1. Serous secretion that contains ptyalin,
which is an enzyme for digesting
starches.
2. Mucous secretion that contains mucin
for lubricating and for surface
protective purposes.
3. Saliva also contains IgA antibodies and
lysozyme, which help to destroy any
microorganisms in the oral cavity.
Swallowing reflex: Soft
Palate & Esophagus

Figure 21-13: The swallowing reflex

 Deglutition
(Swallowing)
Three phases
Voluntary
Bolus of food moved by tongue from oral
cavity to pharynx
Pharyngeal
Reflex: Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes,
elevated pharynx opens the esophagus,
food pushed into esophagus
Esophageal
Reflex: Epiglottis is tipped posteriorly,
larynx elevated to prevent food from
passing into larynx
Histologa del tracto
digestivo
Peritoneum and
Mesenteries
Peritoneum
Visceral: Covers organs
Parietal: Covers interior
surface of body wall
Retroperitoneal: Behind
peritoneum as kidneys,
pancreas, duodenum
Mesenteries
Routes which vessels
and nerves pass from
body wall to organs
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
 Pharynx and Esophagus
Esophagus
Transports food from
Pharynx pharynx to stomach
Nasopharynx Passes through
Oropharynx: esophageal hiatus
Transmits food (opening) of
diaphragm and ends
normally at stomach
Laryngopharynx: Hiatal hernia
Transmits food Sphincters
normally Upper
Lower
 Functions
Ingestion: Introduction of food into stomach
Mastication: Chewing
Propulsion
Deglutition: Swallowing
Peristalsis: Moves material through digestive tract
Stomach Anatomy:
Openings
Gastroesopha
geal: To
esophagus
Pyloric: To
duodenum
Regions
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
Stomach Histology:
Layers
Serosa or visceral
peritoneum:
Outermost
Muscularis: Three
layers
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique
Submucosa
Mucosa
Stomach Histology
Rugae: Folds in
stomach when empty
Gastric pits:
Openings for gastric
glands
Contain cells
Surface mucous: Mucus
Mucous neck: Mucus
Parietal: Hydrochloric
acid and intrinsic factor
Chief: Pepsinogen
Endocrine: Regulatory
hormones
Hydrochloric Acid
Production
Gastric Phase: The
Stomach

Figure 21-15: The mucus-bicarbonate barrier of the gastric mucosa

Phases of Gastric
Secretion
Movements in Stomach
Small Intestine
Site of greatest
amount of digestion
and absorption
Divisions
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum: Peyers patches
or lymph nodules
Modifications
Circular folds or plicae
circulares, villi, lacteal,
microvilli
Cells of mucosa
Absorptive, goblet,
granular, endocrine
 Small Intestine
Secretions
Mucus
Protects against digestive enzymes and
stomach acids
Digestive enzymes
Disaccharidases: Break down disaccharides to
monosaccharides
Peptidases: Hydrolyze peptide bonds
Nucleases: Break down nucleic acids
Duodenal glands
Stimulated by vagus nerve, secretin, chemical
or tactile irritation of duodenal mucosa
Duodenum Anatomy
and Histology
Duodenum and
Pancreas
 Large Intestine, H2O
Absorption & Defecation

Figure 21-27: Anatomy of the large intestine

 Large Intestine Digestion
Bacterial & Absorption
fermentation
: Vit. K ,
lactate &
butyrate
Water and
electrolyte
secretion
&/or
absorption

Figure 21-28: NaCl reabsorption by colonocytes

 Intestinal Phase:
Large Intestine Digestion
& Absorption

Figure 21-29: NaCl secretion by colonic crypt cells

Phases of Digestion:
Overview

Figure 21-11: Overview of functions in different regions of the digestive system

Regulating Digestion: CNS
and Enteric Nervous
System (ENS)

Figure 21-9: The enteric nervous system

 Cephalic and Oral Phases
of Digestion
Cephalic: anticipation of food
CNS ANS long reflex
Enteric cells short reflex

GI motility

GI secretions

Mouth: starts digestion

Grind, mix & liquefy
Saliva: water, enzymes, mucus & lysozyme
Cephalic and Oral Phases
of Digestion

Figure 21-12: Long and short reflexes in the stomach

Liver
Lobes
Major: Left and right
Minor: Caudate and
quadrate
Ducts
Common hepatic
Cystic
From gallbladder
Common bile
Joins pancreatic duct
at hepatopancreatic
ampulla
 Functions of the Liver
Bile production
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin
Storage
Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification
Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea
Phagocytosis
Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white
blood cells, some bacteria
Synthesis
Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors
Blood and Bile Flow
Duct System
 Gallbladder
Bile is stored and concentrated
Stimulated by cholecystokinin and
vegal stimulation
Dumps into small intestine
Production of gallstones possible
Drastic dieting with rapid weight loss
 Pancreas
Anatomy Secretions
Endocrine Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic islets (exocrine)
produce insulin and Trypsin
glucagon Chymotrypsin
Exocrine
Carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic amylase
Acini produce
digestive enzymes
Pancreatic lipases
Enzymes that
Regions: Head, reduce DNA and
body, tail ribonucleic acid
Bicarbonate Ion
Production
Gastric hormones:
 Movement in small
intestine:

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine

Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest
Digestion: Mechanical and chemical
Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph
Elimination: Waste products removed from body
 Large Intestine:

Extends from ileocecal junction to anus

Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Movements sluggish (18-24 hours)
 Large Intestine
Cecum
Blind sac, vermiform appendix attached
Colon
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum
Straight muscular tube
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
External anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Hemorrhoids: Vein enlargement or inflammation
 Secretions of Large
Intestine
Mucus provides protection
Parasympathetic stimulation increases rate
of goblet cell secretion
Pumps
Exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride
ions
Exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions

Bacterial actions produce gases called

flatus
Histology of Large
Intestine
 Movement in Large
Intestine
Mass movements
Common after meals
Local reflexes in enteric plexus
Gastrocolic: Initiated by stomach
Duodenocolic: Initiated by duodenum
Defecation reflex
Distension of the rectal wall by feces
Defecation
Usually accompanied by voluntary movements to
expel feces through abdominal cavity pressure caused
by inspiration
Reflexes in
Colon and
Rectum:
 Digestion, Absorption,
Transport
Digestion
Breakdown of food molecules for absorption
into circulation
Mechanical: Breaks large food particles to small
Chemical: Breaking of covalent bonds by

digestive enzymes
Absorption and transport
Molecules are moved out of digestive tract
and into circulation for distribution
throughout body
 Liver Histology

portal
triad Figure 24.20a, b
 Bile
each day around 600 ml of bile is produced

Bile acid
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Bilirubin
Waste products
Electrolytes
Mucin
 Functions of the Liver
Bile production
Salts emulsify fats, contain pigments as bilirubin
Storage
Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron
Nutrient interconversion
Detoxification
Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea
Phagocytosis
Kupffer cells phagocytize worn-out and dying red and white
blood cells, some bacteria
Synthesis
Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins, heparin, clotting factors
 Exocrine Pancreas
Enzymes
Trypsinogen
Chymotrysinogen
Carboxypeptidas
es
Pro-elastase
Phospholipase
pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic
amylase
Bicarbonate Ion
Production
 Digestive System
Regulation
Nervous regulation
Involves enteric
Chemical regulation
nervous system Production of
Types of neurons: hormones
sensory, motor, Gastrin, secretin
interneurons Production of
Coordinates paracrine chemicals
peristalsis and Histamine
regulates local Help local reflexes in
ENS control digestive
reflexes environments as pH
levels
Lipoproteins

Types
Chylomicrons
Enter lymph
VLDL
LDL
Transports
cholesterol to cells
HDL
Transports
cholesterol from
cells to liver
Water and Ions:
Water
Can move in either
direction across wall
of small intestine
depending on osmotic
gradients
Ions
Sodium, potassium,
calcium, magnesium,
phosphate are actively
transported
 Effects of Aging
Decrease in mucus layer, connective
tissue, muscles and secretions
Increased susceptibility to infections
and toxic agents
Ulcerations and cancers
Chemical Events in Digestion:
Carbohydrates

1. Shows
carbohydrate
digestion.

2. Note the small

intestines role in
conversion to mono-
and di-saccharides.
Chemical Events in Digestion:
Lipids
3. Lipid digestion is
shown here.

4. Note the
conversion to
monoglycerides in
the small intestine
due to bile salts
and pancreatic
lipase.
Chemical Events in Digestion:
Proteins
5. Digestion of
proteins.

6. Note stomachs
conversion to
polypeptides.

7. Small intestine
converts to short
peptides and
amino acids for
intestinal
absorption.
 Gastric Secretion
1. Thin, strongly acidic (pH: 1 to 3), almost
colorless liquid. It is secreted by the
glands in the lining of the stomach.
2. Essential constituents are the digestive
enzymes pepsin and renin, hydrochloric
acid, and mucus.
3. Certain cells of the stomach lining
secrete intrinsic factor which is necessary
for the absorption of vitamin B12.
Secretion rates of Gastric juice
Path followed by bile juice in liver
and gall bladder
Pancreatic Secretion
Production of Pancreatic Secretion
 Pancreatic Secretion
1. Clear, alkaline secretion of the pancreas
containing enzymes that aid in the
digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and
fats.
2. There are mainly two types of
pancreatic secretions:
- Bicarbonate Secretion,
- Enzyme Secretion.
Secretion of Pancreatic juice
Chemistry of Digestion:
Fats

Figure 21-8: Fat digestion