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Variables---------------------- n, P,V,T
pVm
Z
RT
If the gas behaves ideally, then Z=1 at all pressures and
temperatures.
Z >1 molecules occupy more volume than IG (e.g. H2):
repulsive forces
Z < 1 molecules occupy less volume than IG (e.g. CO2):
attractive forces
Boyles temperature
Z
0 as P0
P T
Z
1 0 as V
Vm
B0
Critical constants of some gases
p a / V V
2
m m b nRT
Vm,eff Vm b
repulsion
peff p a / V 2
m
attraction
van der Waals constants
a (dm
6 -1
atm mole ) b (dm mole -1
)
He 0.034 0.0237
Ar 1.345 0.0322
N2 1.390 0.0391
O2 1.360 0.0318
CO2 3.592 0.0427