Books

Text Book:
1. MICROWAVE DEVICES AND CIRCUITS
By -SAMUEL Y. LIAO 3rd Edition, PEARSON EDUCATION
PUBLICATIONS

Reference Books:
1. MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING
By M. KULKARNI 4th Edition, UMESH PUBLICATION
2. RF CIRCUIT DESIGN , THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
By REINHOLD LUDWIG, PAVEL BRETCHKO 2 nd Edition,
PEARSON EDUCATION, USA
3. MICROWAVE CIRCUITS
By R.E COLLINS 2nd Edition, 2001 MC GRAW HILL
 Continuous
Assessment (CA)

AT No. Evaluation Mode Allotment /

submission Week
Term Term Paper evaluation is based on 3
Paper1 parameters
Mid Term report- 5 marks 3 / 11
End Term report- 15 marks
Viva / presentation -10 marks
Test1 Written test consists of 6 questions and 2/4
each question carries 5 mark
Test2 Written test consists of 6 questions and 9 / 10
each question carries 5 mark
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Microwaves
2. Microwave Network Analysis
3. Microwave Design Principles
MTE 7 weeks or 21 Lectures

1. Microwave Antennas
2. Microwave measuring techniques
3. Microwave Systems and Trends in
Microwave Engineering
1. Introduction to Microwaves
History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil,
Military, Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide

Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

2. Microwave Network Analysis
Equivalent voltages and currents for non-
TEM lines
Network parameters for microwave
circuits
Scattering Parameters
Passive and Active Microwave Devices
DirectionalCoupler, Power Divider, Magic Tee,
Attenuator, Resonator, Diodes, Transistors,
Oscillators, Mixers, Gunn Diodes, IMPATT
Diodes, Schottky Barrier Diodes, PIN diode,
Klystron, TWT, Magnetron
3. Microwave Design Principles
Impedance Transformation,
Impedance Matching,
Microwave Filter Design,
RF and Microwave Amplifier Design,
Microwave Power Amplifier Design,
Low Noise Amplifier Design,
Microwave Mixer Design,
Microwave Oscillator Design
 4. Microwave Antennas
Antenna Parameters

Antennas for ground-based systems

Antennas for air-borne and satellite

applications

Planar antennas
5. Microwave Measuring Techniques
Power, Frequency and impedance
measurement
Network Analyzer and Measurement of
Scattering Parameters
Spectrum analyzer and Measurement of
spectrum of a microwave signal
Noise at microwave frequency and
measurement of noise figure
Measurement of antenna Parameters
6. Microwave Systems and Trends in
Microwave Engineering
Effect of Microwaves on human body
Medical and Civil applications of
microwaves, Electromagnetic interference /
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Microwave ICs, Microwave Imaging
Radar systems and satellite communication
Radio aids to navigation, RFID and GPS
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

 Introduction to Microwaves
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths
ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one
millimeter, or equivalently
broad definition in terms of frequencies between
1 GHz and 300 GHz.
But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the
frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz.

In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF

band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm)
 Introduction to Microwaves
The prefix "micro-" in "microwave" is not
meant to suggest a wavelength in the
micrometer range.

It indicates shorter wavelengths of

microwaves than radio waves
 Introduction to Microwaves
The atmospheric attenuation of microwaves
 Introduction to Microwaves
At high frequency

Wavelengths of signals are roughly the same as the

dimensions of the equipment, so that lumped
element circuit theory is inaccurate

Open-wire and coaxial transmission line used at

lower frequencies are replaced by waveguide and
stripline, and lumped-element tuned circuits are
replaced by cavity resonators or resonant lines
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

 History of Microwaves
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) predicted the existence
of EM waves.
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1937) experimentally
confirmed Maxwells eq.
G. Marconi (1874-1937) transmitted info. at microwave
freq. on experimental basis.
GC Southworth (1930) commercially carried out Marconis
experiments.
Based on previous developments, Radar was invented
during World War-II (1945)
Investigation of devices which could operate in the
UHF/Microwaves bands with larger power
Conventional Vacuum tube (Triodes, Tetrodes, Pentodes )
was best
 History of Microwaves
Conventional Vacuum tube (Triodes, Tetrodes, Pentodes) was
best
Cant be used for frequencies greater than 100 MHz because
of following effects
IEC -Interelectrode capacitance
effectively shorting at higher frequency

longer electron transit time

Causing them to be used at lower frequencies

Solved by Special Vacuum Tube: Barkhausen-Kurz

Oscillator (BKO) but low output power developed by K.
Kurz and H. Barkhausen in 1920
Magnetron developed by A. W. Hull in the year 1921 and

further developed by Randoll & Boots in1939.

 History of Microwaves
Klystron Vacuum Tube used as power
amplifier and an oscillator in 1937

Radar could be commercially developed for

military use after the production of these
vacuum devices

Later semiconductor devices at microwave

frequencies were also developed :
Gunn Diode, Tunnel Diode, IMPATT Diode etc.
 History of Microwaves
In 1960 s Microwave Communication
had almost replaced 40% telephone communication
between major cities of the world

In 1980s Microwave devices used in the consumer

market products
with TV receive only (TVRO) broadcast services to the
home satellite TV transmission

In 1990s Microwave became common consumer

market products
Microwave Oven , Network Television, Personal
Communication system (PCS), Cellphones etc.
 History of Microwaves
Other Application
Medicine
Surveying Land
Industrial quality Control
Radio astronomy
Global Positioning system (GPS)
Power Transmission
Space Shuttle
RF Identification (Security, product tracking, animal
tracking, toll collection etc.)
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

 Frequency Bands
Frequency Band Designation Frequency Band
Range Range Designation
3-30 Hz Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) 300-3000 GHz
30-300 Hz Extra Low Frequency (ELF) 3-30 THz Infrared Light

300-3000 Hz Voice Frequency 30-300 THz

3-30 KHz Very Low Frequency (VLF) 300-3000 THz Visible Light
30-300 KHz Low Frequency (LF) 3-30 PHz Ultra Violet Light
300-3000 KHz Medium Frequency (MF) 30-300 PHZ X-Rays
3-30 MHz High frequency (HF) 300-3000 PHz Gamma Rays
30-300 MHz Very High frequency (VHF) 3-30 EHz Cosmic Rays
300-3000 MHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF) E - Exa
P - Peta
3-30 GHz Super High Frequency (SHF)
T - tera
30-300 GHz Extra High Frequency (EHF) G - giga
Frequency Bands
Band Designation Frequency Range
(GHz)

HF 0.003 - 0.03
VHF 0.03 - 0.3
UHF 0.3 - 1
L band 1-2
S band 2-4
C band 4-8
X band 8-12
Ku band 12-18
K band 18-27
Ka band 27-40
Millimeter 40-300
Submillimeter >300
Microwave Frequency Bands
Band Designation Frequency Range
(GHz)

L band 1-2
S band 2-4
C band 4-8
X band 8-12
Ku band 12-18
K band 18-27
Ka band 27-40
 Frequency Bands

 Frequency Bands

 Frequency Bands

.
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Advantages of Microwaves
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

Advantages of Ban
Increased Bandwidth
Microwaves
Name Frequency
d
Availability 153 - 279
LW long wave
kHz
Improved Directive Properties
medium 531 - 1620
MW
Fading Effect and Reliability wave kHz

Power requirements short 2310 -

SW
wave 25820 kHz
Transparency property of microwaves
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

Applications of Microwaves
TELECOMMUNICATION
Radio
Intercontinental telephone
T. V.
Space Communication (earth to space and space to earth)
Telemetry communication link for railways etc.
RADARS
Detect aircraft
Track/guide supersonic missiles
Observe and track weather pattern
Air traffic control (ATC)
Police speed detectors
Burglar alarms
Garage door openers
 Applications of Microwaves
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
(Use of the heat property of microwave)
Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
Drying Machines
Textile,food and paper industry for drying
clothes, potato chips, printed matters etc.
Food Processing Industry
Precooling/Cooking

Pasteurizing/sterility

Heat frozen/refrigerated precooled meats

Roasting of food grains/beans

 Applications of Microwaves
Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
uses microwaves to heat food
heats only the food nothing else
Radio waves in this frequency range have an interesting property
they are absorbed by water, fats and sugars
When they are absorbed they are converted directly into atomic
motion and motion is converted into heat
Microwaves in this frequency range have another interesting
property
they are not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics

And metal reflects microwaves, which is why metals cause spark

in a microwave oven
 Applications of Microwaves
Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
Molecules of all food consist of a dipole and have positive charge
in one side and have negative charge in another side
If we put electromagnetic fields in this, all molecules are
rearranged
If we put electromagnetic fields in this, all molecules are rearranged
+charge is to negative pole and charge is to positive pole

In this process molecules heat is produced by friction

microwaves of this range (2.5 GHz) change the direction of
electromagnetic fields 2,500,000,000 times in 1 second
Consequently the heat efficiency of a microwave oven is greatly
high
 Applications of Microwaves
Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
the radio waves penetrate the food and excite water and
fat molecules pretty much evenly throughout the food
There is no heat having to migrate toward the interior by
conduction
There is heat everywhere all at once because the
molecules are all excited together
The whole heating process is different because you are
exciting atoms rather that conducting heat

 Applications of Microwaves
Microwave Oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
 Applications of Microwaves
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
(Use of the heat property of microwave)
Rubber Industry/Plastics/Chemical/forest product
industries

Mining/public works, breaking up coal seams, curing

of cements

Drying inks, drying/sterlising grains, drying/sterlising

pharmaceuticals, drying textiles leather, tabacco, power
transmission
 Applications of Microwaves
Biomedical Applications (diagnostic/ therapeutic)
For cancer treatment
Diathermy for localized superficial heating

Deep electromagnetic heating

Hypothermia
Local, regional or whole body for cancer therapy

Monitoring of heart beat and lung water detection

Electromagnetic transmission through human body
 Applications of Microwaves
Electronic Warfare
ECM/ECCM
(Electronic Counter Measure / Electronic Counter Measure)
system, spread spectrum system

Identifying objects or personnel by non contact method

Light generated charge carriers in a microwave

semiconductor makes it possible to create a whole
new world microwave devices
fast jitter-free switches, phase shifters, HF generation,
tuning elements
 1. Introduction to Microwaves

History of Microwaves
Microwave Frequency Bands
Applications of Microwaves in Civil, Military,
Medical, EMI/EMC
Analysis of RF and Microwave Transmission Lines
Co-axial Line, Rectangular Waveguide
Circular waveguide

Strip Line, Micro-strip Line

 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Length
Attenuation/Propagation
Waves
Incident/Forward

Reflected/Backward
 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Length of the transmission line
Infinite
No reflected wave
Finite
Reflected wave exist in the case of impedance
mismatch
Characteristics Impedance (Z0)

Impedance with which if the transmission line is

terminated, it will make the zero reflection
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines

1 < VSWR <

Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Waveguides
Strip and Microstrip Lines
Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines

Strip and
Waveguides
Microstrip lines
 Transmission Lines
Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Waveguides
Strip and Microstrip Lines
Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
 Twisted-Pair Cable

 Twisted-Pair Cable
UTP and STP
 Twisted-Pair Cable
Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Waveguides
Strip and Microstrip Lines
Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial Cable
Categories of coaxial cables
Category Impedance Use

RG-59 75 Cable TV

RG-58 50 Thin Ethernet

RG-11 50 Thick Ethernet

Radio Government (RG) rating

Coaxial Connectors
Coaxial Connectors
BNC connectors
 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Waveguides
Strip and Microstrip Lines
Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
 Fiber Optic

Frequency
Band
10^13 to
10^16 Hz

125 um Glass or Plastic

Fiber Optic
Cable
Bending of light ray
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber types

Type Core Cladding Mode

50/125 50 125 Multimode, graded-index

62.5/125 62.5 125 Multimode, graded-index

100/125 100 125 Multimode, graded-index

7/125 7 125 Single-mode

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber construction
 Analysis of RF and Microwave
Transmission Lines
Guided Media
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Waveguides
Strip and Microstrip Lines
Unguided Media: Wireless
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
 Waveguides
A waveguide consists of hollow metallic tube of a rectangular
or circular shape used to guide electromagnetic wave

Advantages
One conductor
Transmission is through reflection
Power handling capacity is increased because only one
conductor therefore no sparking
Capacity 10 times of coaxial cable

Disadvantages
Cant be used for lower frequency because large waveguide
require to transmit radio frequency power
Waveguides
 Waveguides
Cutoff Frequency
Waveguide has a definite cutoff frequency for each
allowed mode

Dominant Mode
Mode having lowest cutoff frequency
 Waveguides
Rectangular Waveguide

Is a hollow metallic tube with a rectangular cross section

The conducting walls of the guide confine the electromagnetic fields

and thereby guide the electromagnetic wave
 Waveguides
Rectangular Waveguide

When the waves travel longitudinally down the guide, this

process results in a component of either electric or magnetic
field in the direction of propagation of the resultant wave
Therefore no longer TEM wave
Rectangular Waveguide
 Rectangular Waveguide
Modes
TEmn and TMmn

Where m and n are integer

m denotes the number of half waves electric or magnetic
intensity in the direction of x if wave is propagating in z
direction

n denotes the number of half waves electric or magnetic

intensity in the direction of y if wave is propagating in z
direction
 Rectangular Waveguide
Modes