COMPUTER GRAPHICS

2/9/17
Koushik Dutta
Department of Computer Science
Asutosh College, Kolkata
koushik.it.22@gmail.com
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COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Producing pictures or images using a computer.

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WHAT IS COMPUTER GRAPHIGS

Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on

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computer screens with the help of programming. It
involves computations, creation, and manipulation of
data.

In other words, computer graphics is a rendering

tool for the generation and manipulation of images.

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OUTLINE

Overview of Graphics Systems

Image Basics

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Graphics Hardware
Input
Describing something to the computer
Computation
Computing what we want to draw
Output
Final representation

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APPLICATION

Display of Information

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Design

Simulation

Computer Art

Entertainment

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS IS ABOUT
ANIMATION (FILMS)

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GAMES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN
COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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MEDICAL IMAGING IS ANOTHER
DRIVING FORCE

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN TOOL

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COMPUTER ART
Graphics for Artist

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SCIENTIFIC VISUALISATION

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DATA VISUALIZATION
Charts and Graphs

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SIMULATION

Computer-Generated Models of Physical, Financial

and Economic Systems for Educational Aids

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MAIN THEME

Imaging

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Representing 2D images
Modeling
Representing 3D objects
Rendering
Constructing 2D images from 3D models
Animation
Simulating changes over time

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IMAGING

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Warping

Metamorphosis

Non-Photorealistic Rendering

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WARPING

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METAMORPHOSIS(MORPHING)

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Image 0 Warp
Warp 0

Image
Image 1 Warp
Warp 11

Result
Result

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METAMORPHOSIS(MORPHING)

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Image 0 Warp
Warp 0

Image
Image 1 Warp
Warp 11

Result
Result

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METAMORPHOSIS(MORPHING)

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POLYGON MORPHING

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POLYGON MORPHING

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NON-PHOTO REALISTIC
RENDERING

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MODELLING
Shape Description & Design

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RENDERING
Simulating Behavior of Lights & Image Formation

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ANIMATION
Motion Representation & Control

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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
o Graphics processes generally execute sequentially
o Pipelining the process means dividing it into

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stages
o Especially when rendering in real-time, different
hardware resources are assigned for each stage
There are three stages
Application Stage
Geometry Stage
Rasterization Stage

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APPLICATION STAGE
Entirely done in software by the CPU
Read Data

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the world geometry database,
Users input by mice, trackballs, trackers, or sensing gloves
In response to the users input, the application stage
change the view or scene

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GEOMETRY STAGE

Modelling: shapes

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Model Transformation

Transformation: viewing

Hidden Surface Elimination

Rasterization
Stage
Shading: reflection and lighting

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PREPARING SHAPE MODELS

Designed by polygons, parametric curves/surfaces, implicit

surfaces and etc.

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Defined in its own coordinate system

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MODEL TRANSFORMATION
Objects put into the scene by applying translation, scaling and
rotation

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Linear transformation called homogeneous transformation is
used
The location of all the vertices are updated by this
transformation

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PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
We want to create a picture of the scene viewed from the camera

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We apply a perspective transformation to convert the 3D coordinates to
2D coordinates of the screen
Objects far away appear smaller, closer objects appear bigger

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HIDDEN SURFACE REMOVAL
Objects occluded by other objects must not be drawn

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SHADING
Now we need to decide the colour of each pixels taking into
account the objects colour, lighting condition and the camera
position

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point light source

Object

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SHADING : CONSTANT SHADING -
AMBIENT
Objects colours by its own colour

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SHADING : FLAT SHADING
Objects coloured based on its own colour and the lighting condition
One colour for one face

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SHADING : GOURAUD SHADING
Lighting calculation per vertex, No specular highlights

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SHAPES BY POLYNOMIAL
SURFACES

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SPECULAR HIGHLIGHTS ADDED
Light perfectly reflected in a mirror-like way

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PHONG SHADING
Use interpolation technique for shading.

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 RASTERIZATION STAGE

Geometry Stage
Rasterization and Sampling

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Texture Mapping

Image Composition

Intensity and Colour Quantization

Framebuffer/Display

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 RASTERIZATION
Converts the vertex information output by the geometry
pipeline into pixel information needed by the video display

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Aliasing: distortion artifacts produced when representing
a high-resolution signal at a lower resolution.
Anti-aliasing : technique to remove aliasing

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ANTI-ALIASING

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Aliased polygons
(jagged edges) Anti-aliased polygons
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TEXTURE MAPPING

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