OTC000003 WDM Principle

ISSUE 1.3

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

 With the development of
telecommunication, the
requirements of the transmission
capacity and service categories
are becoming bigger and bigger,
under this background, WDM
technology emerged. What is
WDM?

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 Objective

After studying, you are able to

Understand and master the basic concepts
and transmission modes, structure of WDM.
Understand WDM transmission media;
Understand technical principle and key
technologies of DWDM;
Understand technology specification for
WDM system.

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 Chapter 1 WDM Overview

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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 References

1. Basis for Optical Communication

2. Guide to DWDM Technologies
3. DWDM Transmission System Principle and Testing
4. High Speed Optical Communication ITU-T Specification and
System Design
5. Metropolitan Area Fiber Network
.

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 Development of DWDM

1.Growth of voice ,data ,new services

2.Desire for information ,communication

1.Developed rapidly :
42.5Gb/s3210Gb/s1.6Tb/s

2.Developing trend: OADM , OXC

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 How to increase network capacity

DWDM is a quick, economical and mature

method

High rate TDM signal STM-1STM-64

SDM add fiber, equipment time

&cost

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 What's WDM

Gas Station

Free Way

Prowl Car

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 WDM Concept

Different signals with specific

wavelength are multiplexed into
a fiber for transmission

SDH signal

IP package

ATM cells

1 1 2 n

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 Structure of WDM System

Tx1 D Rx1
M E
Tx2 U OLA M Rx2
X U
Txn X
OSC Rxn
OSC OSC

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 Unidirectional WDM Transmission

Single fiber unidirectional transmission

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 Bi-directional WDM Transmission

Single fiber bi-directional transmission

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 Application modes-open system

DMUX MUX
OTU OTU

Access channels
Optical amplifier

OSC

Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex

terminal optical interfaces, the only requirement is that these
interfaces meet the optical interface standards defined in ITU-T.

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 Application modes-integrated system

DMUX MUX

Access channels
Optical amplifier

OSC

Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion

technology, instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical
signals at the multiplex terminal conforms to the specifications for the
WDM system.

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 WDM System Compositions

The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:

Optical wavelength conversion unit (OTU)
Optical De-multiplexer Unit / optical Multiplexer Unit (ODU/OMU)
Optical Amplifier ( OA)
Optical Supervisory Channel ( OSC)

OSC

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 Advantages of DWDM

Transparent media
Long haul transmission
High capacity
Use existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio
Reliability
Easy upgrading

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 Brief Introduction to CWDM

CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex

Difference between CWDM and DWDM:

Carrier channel spacing of CWDM is wide;
CWDM modulate laser adopts the uncooled laser,;
The CWDM currently used generally works from 1260nm band to
1620nm, the spacing is 20nm, and can multiplex 16 wavelength
channels.
The CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain
amount of wavelength and transmission distance within 100 kilometers

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 SDH Vs WDM

SDH WDM
TDM in electric domain FDM in optics domain
Backbone Long haul & MAN
Protocol oriented Transparent

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 Questions

1. What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

2. Briefly introduce two transmission modes of WDM equipment.
3. What is the open and integrated system?
4. Briefly introduce the composition of the WDM system.

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 Summary

In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic concepts and principle of WDM
technologies;
The development of WDM technologies;
The working modes, structures and
characteristics of WDM system.

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 Chapter 1 WDM Overview

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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 Structure of Optical Fiber

Coating Cladding Core

n2 n1

Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass

cladding and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

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 Attenuation of Optical Fiber

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 Dispersion

DATA IN DATA OUT

Input Optical
laser receiver

L
The chromatic dispersion in
the fiber causes different
wavelengths to travel at
different speeds, and
propagation delay.
The different wavelengths
Input laser is not arrive at different times to
monochromatic, it is BROAD, smeared, or
composed of many DISPERSED output pulse.
wavelength or colour.

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 Dispersion

G.652:widely used, need

dispersion compensation G.653: Zero dispersion
for high rate transmission at 1550nm windows.

G.655 fiber with positive

Dispersion coefficient dispersion coefficient
(ps/nm km) G.653 fiber
17
G.652 fiber

G.655 fiber with negative

dispersion coefficient
1310 Wavelength
(nm)
1550

1.Least attenuation & dispersion at

1550nm windows, suitable for DWDM.
avoid FWM effectively
2.TrueWave fiber, LEAF, etc.

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 Dispersion Compensation

The pulse will be broadened because of

positive dispersion coefficient
positive dispersion slope at 1550nm

DCF has negative dispersion coefficient it can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.

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 Questions

What are the basic structures and types of optical fibers?

What kinds of dispersion are there in the optical fiber?

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 Summary

In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic structures and types of optical
fibers;
The characteristics of optical fibers;

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 Chapter 1 WDM Overview

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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 DWDM System Key Technologies

Optical Source Optical Amplifiers

Optical Supervisory Multiplexing and

Technologies Demultiplexing

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 Requirements of Optical Source

1) Larger dispersion tolerance value;

2) Standard and stable wavelength.

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 Laser

1 Direct modulation
2 Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator
3 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

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 Direct modulation

LD
Current Laser

Output laser is controlled by input current

Transmission rate2.5Gb/s
Transmission distance100km

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 Electro-absorption (EA)

LD EA

Voltage applied

Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s >600km)

Less chirp
High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s :7200~12800ps/nm)
High reliability

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 Mach-Zehnder external modulator M-Z

LD

Long dispersion limited distance

Low cost
Negligible chirp
High Dispersion tolerance

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 Comparision of Modulation

Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Modulator

Max.dispersion 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800

toleration
(ps/nm)

Cost moderate expensive Very expensive

Wavelength good better best

Stability

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 Optical Amplifiers

Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier (SOA)

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)

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 Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier
(EDFA)

E3 excited state

Decay
E2 meta-stable state
Pump
light
1550nm
1550nm signal light
signal light
E1 ground state

EDFA energy level diagram

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 Typical internal structure of EDFA

Optical splitter ISO WDM WDM Optical coupler

Signal input
TAP
Optical isolator EDF

PD Pumping laser
Pumping laser
EDF

ISO
Signal output TAP

PD Optical detector

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA

Major advantages of EDFA:

Its working wavelength is consistent with the minimum attenuation window
of the monomode optical fiber .
High coupling efficiency.
High energy conversion efficiency.
High gain, low noise figure, large output power and minimum cross-talk.
Stable gain characteristics .

Major disadvantages of EDFA:

The gain wavelength range is fixed
Gain bandwidth unflatness .
Optical surge problem:.

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Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness

Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness

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 Gain Locking

Drop

>1dB

<0.5dB

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 Gain Locking

Add

>1dB

<0.5dB

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 The Operating Theory of Raman Fiber Amplifier

Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)

Gain
Pump

30nm

70~100nm

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 Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier

Its gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light

wavelength.
The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
Low noise .
GAIN
PUMP1PUMP2PUMP3

30nm
70~100nm

Span 1 Span k

EDFA EDFA

Receiving
transmitting

Raman Pump Raman Pump

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 Advantages of RFA

Advantages:
Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength
Simple structure of amplifier
Nonlinear effect can be reduced
Low noise

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 Disadvantages of RFA

Disadvantages:

High pump power,low efficiency and high cost;

Instantaneous gain,adopting backward pump fashion;

Optical components and optical fiber undertake high optical

power;

Characteristics of gain online are not consistent;

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 Application of OA

According to its application:

BA-Booster amplifier

LA-Line amplifier

PA-Pre-amplifier

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 Multiplexer and De-multiplexer

Multilpexer Demultiplexer

n
n

n

n

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 Optical Grating Type DWDM Component

Ultraviole light interference

1
2 3
2

Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

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 Dielectric film filter type

1-4 1 filter

Self-focusing lens
1

3 filter
2

4
Glass

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 Integrated Optical Waveguide type :AWG

Waveguide
grating

1 2
Free space
Fan-like
Fan-like
waveguide
waveguide
Small spacing
Large number of channels
Flat pass-band

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 Optical supervisory channel

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 OSC technology

Transmit related management , supervision information

Operating wavelength 1510nm
Monitoring rate:2Mb/s
add/extract
Requirement :Not limit pumping wavelength of OA ,not limit
1310nm service ,available when OA fails ,long distance
transmission

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 Typical frame structure of OSC

0 1 2 3 14 15 16 31

TS0: FAS

TS1:E1

TS2:F1 TS3-TS14:D1-D12(DCC channel)

TS15:E2

TS16-TS31:reserved

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 OSC transmission

O P O
B
M A A D

OSC
input OSC output

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 Questions

1. What are electro-absorption laser modulation scheme and M-Z

modulation scheme?
2. How many types are there for the wavelength division multiplexer?
What are their individual characteristics?
3. Which are the kinds of optical amplifiers? Describe gain flat control
and gain lock of EDFA.
4. What are optical supervisory channel wavelength and supervisory
rate of DWDM?

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 Summary

In this chapter, we have learned:

Optical source;
Optical amplifier;
Wave division Multiplexing
Optical supervisory channel.

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 Chapter 1 WDM Overview

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for WDM System

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 Related ITU-T recommendations

G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable

G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendation of OA
G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,
STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)

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Definition of Transmission Channel Reference Points

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 Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

A fiber has two long wavelength and low loss windows, 1310nm
window and 1550nm window. But the commonly used working
wavelength range for the erbium-doped optical amplifier is 192.1-
196.1THz.Therefore the working wavelength area for wavelength
division multiplexing system is 192.1-196.1THz.

Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength

corresponding to each channel in optical wavelength division
multiplexing systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692 is based
on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency 193.1THz
and minimum spacing 100GHz or 50GHZ.

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 Questions

1. Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?

2. What is the absolute reference frequency for optical wavelength
division multiplexing systems? What is their channel spacing?

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 Summary

In this chapter, we have learned:

Related ITU-T recommendations
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

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